The Unique Style Of Kate Chopin s Writing - 1603 Words

The unique style of Kate Chopin’s writing has influenced and paved the way for many female authors. Although not verbally, Kate Chopin aired political and social issues affecting women and challenging the validity of such restrictions through fiction. Kate Chopin, a feminist in her time, prevailed against the notion that a woman’s purpose was to only be a housewife and nothing more. Kate Chopin fortified the importance of women empowerment, self-expression, self-assertion, and female sexuality through creativity in her literary work. Kate Chopin was born in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, on February 8, 1850, to an affluent family. Chopin’s life had a great deal of trauma, losing her father in a railroad accident and her beloved grandmother dying shortly after impacted her life. Kate spent the Civil War in St. Louis, a city where residents supported both the Union and the Confederacy and where her family had slaves in the house. Chopin married at an early age of nineteen to a wealthy French man in 1870 and the two settled in New Orleans. Kate Chopin’s writing career began with her life and experiences in St. Louis, New Orleans; she wrote short stories, novels and so on. â€Å"At Fault† was Chopin’s very first novel, a book about a religious widow in love with a divorced man, which was not typical in the nineteenth century. Kate Chopin was a daring writer, she wrote many controversial stories and books about women freedom, sex, and extramarital affairs. For example, Chopin wrote shortShow Mor eRelatedKate Chopins Writing Career and Influence on Society Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin was a influential author that introduced powerful female characters to the american literacy world. She was most known for her brilliant book The Awakening. However at that time it received many negative reviews, causing the downfall of Kate’s writing career. Now the book is such a influential story that it is being taught in classrooms throughout the world. This essay will discuss Kate Chopin’s writing career and the impact her writing has on society. Kate Chopin was an author bestRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour And The Awakening2567 Words   |  11 Pages14, 2015 ENG 112L Final Paper This paper will examine the life of Kate Chopin along with her writing style and theme in The Story of an Hour and The Awakening. Chopin has a unique writing style that shows throughout all of her works. Her works carry similar themes that include: women in search of independence, negative views of marriage, and self-assertion. While reading Chopin’s work, the reader will conclude that Chopin’s writing is very inspiring because she incorporates obstacles that she facedRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin915 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Kate Chopin’s writings are trademarked by her unique, deliberate word choices. Chopin uses phrases that do not make sense and seem to contradict themselves to get across a point. In two of her stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Awakening,† Chopin’s word usage highlights the idea of self-discovery. â€Å"The Awakening† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† share similar themes. â€Å"The Awakening† is the story of a woman in the late 1800s discovering her apathy for her traditional female role as a wifeRead More Kate Chopins Writing Essay2357 Words   |  10 PagesKate Chopins Writing Elizabeth Fox Genovese of Emory University shared in a PBS interview that â€Å"She [Kate Chopin] was very important as one of the earliest examples of modernism in the United States or, if you wish, the cutting edge of modernism in American literature† (PBS – Interviews). Kate Chopin published At Fault, her first novel, in 1890 and The Awakening, her last novel, in 1898 (Guilds 924). During these years Chopin wrote numerous other works and most, like At Fault and The AwakeningRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1130 Words   |  5 Pagesto the shaping of it. The authors developed the period with an emphasis on regionalism, transparent language, and character. Common themes of racism, class, and freedom emerge during realism. Mark Twain s novel demonstrates the subjects of racism and freedom. As an impact of these themes, Huck s view on Jim changes drastically. The Civil War and the Industrialization of America were historic to the rise of the realistic literary period. These events influenced realism writers works because manyRead MoreThe Awakening Of Women s Rights2106 Words   |  9 Pagespersonal achievement. They had an awakening, they came to understand that their lives were not complete and they wanted more from life. Kate Chopin describes the character, Edna as a woman trying desperately to find herself in a world where the liberation of women was not accepted but the reader sees Edna change through the novel anyway. The Awakening by Kate Chopin follows a common theme of literature during the early 1900s authors wrote about women’s suffrage. She uses Edna in the novel to show howRead More Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich Essay2741 Words   |  11 Pagesstray away from the traditional literary styles observed in the time preceding the period. Modernist writers explore new styles themes, and content in their compositions, encompassing issues ranging from race (Kate Chopin) to gender (H.D.) to sexuality (James Baldwin), as well as many others. The Modernist movement, however novel and unique, did not develop spontaneously. A few writers leading up to the movement exhibit obvious modernist views in their writing. These include male writers Ralph WaldoRead More Analyses of Short Stories Essay examples4756 Words   |  20 Pageskilled him? Seems to me like he was a little guilty. Source: www.poedecoder.com Ambrose Bierce, â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† takes place during the American Civil War that was fought in the 1860’s. The United States was divided over the issue of slavery. The Northern States wanted an end to come from slavery and the South wanted to keep slavery alive to ensure low labor and production costs. In the short story there was a bit of symbolismRead MoreRise of the English Novel5132 Words   |  21 Pagesitself, but it also formed several sub genres including historical, gothic, sentimental, epistolary and bildungsroman novels. The works within the genre were so diverse that many different types of authors were able to write according to their own styles and preferences. The development of the novel changed literature not only in England, but throughout the world. The English novel is a type of literature â€Å"such as was never heard of in the world before (Longman 3069),† as Daniel Defoe says in hisRead MoreEssay on Culturally Relevant Curricula in Schools 3261 Words   |  14 Pagesand their experiences in team-based sports (Ennis, 1999). In her research, Ennis used a total of 15 female students from three urban high schools in co-ed physical education classes. The research also involved seven teachers of physical education. A unique program called â€Å"Sport for Peace† was implemented by these teachers to gauge whether or not it would give girls a better perception of team-based sports (which was relatively negative). The program was implemented to reduce the feelings of marginalization

The Classical Version Of Skepticism - 1218 Words

Skepticism is a method of equal and opposite arguments that has been used to investigate truth. It is believed that nothing should be assumed true without enough evidence. In the world of skepticism, all conclusions are premature. The classical version in skepticism is called Pyrrhonism. It was named after an early advocate known as Pyrrho (365 BCE – 270 BCE) became so frustrated between two arguments, not being able to choose which to follow due to reasonable views on both side, and decided to make a decision to drop his concerns with the subject. With this, he figured that the frustration that came with picking sides and choosing what to believe was not worth it and believed that you cannot be certain about the truth. Once admitting this to himself, he achieved the inner peace he was looking for that was later called ataraxia. Socrates (470 BCE – 399 BCE) was one of the first religious skeptics. He questioned the existence of the various gods the people in his society believed in and the religious authority. He was seen as an anti-religious enemy of the state that was poisoning the younger generations’ minds, which led to his arrest, trial, and ultimately his death. However, Socrates was only skeptical of religious beliefs and practices because he was unsure of the truth behind it and not because he was anti-religious. And throughout his life, even up ‘til his death, he claims that he only knows one definite truth, which was that he knows nothing. This is the reason forShow MoreRelatedSecular Humanism Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom beasts. Through letters--or scholarship--was sought a rebirth of spirit and spiritual freedom and justification of the claim to rational autonomy. In essence, the Renaissance was a revival of the capacities and powers of the ancients. The version of secular humanism expressed in the Humanist Manifesto (I--1933 and II--1973) is actually naturalism, wherein there is no qualitative difference between man and animal, nor any supernatural. Man supposedly evolved from lower forms of life andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Ghosts 1116 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"participates† is an insufficient term: Shakespeare’s celebrated ghost scenes are signs of a profound interest that continue through virtually his entire career (156). Shakespeare saw that he could draw upon a range of traditions, including not only the classical Hades and the popular Hell but also the banished realm of Catholic Purgatory. Above all, he additionally observed that uncertainty about the very possibility of ghosts was itself valuable theatrical capital. Shakespeare seized that there were beRead MoreEssay on Candide1469 Words   |  6 Pagesof rational thought and enlighten the people about their own beliefs and values; thus igniting the period of Enlightenment. In this period many people followed the teachings of their forefathers, such as Socrates, who was considered a figure of skepticism and rational thought. Challenging all views and theorems was the main point of this new ideology. Voltaire, a very powerful and influential figure among the writers of the 18th century, was known for his rejection of religion and a devout deistRead More Skepticism and the Philosophy of Language in Early Modern Thought3317 Words   |  14 Pages Skepticism and the Philosophy of Language in Early Modern Thought ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the importance of skeptical arguments for the philosophy of language in early modern thought. It contrasts the rationalist conception of language and knowledge with that of philosophers who adopt some sort of skeptical position, maintaining that these philosophers end up by giving language a greater importance than rationalists. The criticism of the rationalists appeal to natural light is examinedRead MoreThe Enlightenment Period : The Age Of Reason1332 Words   |  6 Pageslate seventeenth century and the eighteenth century Europe. This development highlighted reasoning, equality and more of a humanistic approach was taken as opposed to traditional practice. This period was heavily influenced by scientific thought, skepticism and intellectual stimulation. The plan of this era was to reform society and the way it used reasoning as well as oppose long established customs. Most importantly, the objective was to move forward in the field of scientific tho ught. The periodRead MoreTop 10 Gaming Keyboard Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagessignificantly affect the speed in the game. Best budget gaming keyboards: up to $30 COUGAR 200K BLACK USB The COUGAR 200K Black USB - represents a rare type of scissor keyboard, which might attract owners of laptops. The keyboard is a budget-friendly version offered in a classic case and similar to mechanical models. In terms of functionality the 200K, Black USB from COUGAR is a standard model with 104 keys, backlit with the choice of seven colors. In comparison with membrane keyboards, the 200K BlackRead MoreEssay on Abstinence and Orgy in Measure for Measure2586 Words   |  11 Pagesproposed by Roy Battenhouse that the Duke stands for God (Rossiter 108-28); the modified position of Elizabeth Marie Pope that the Duke is a successful magistrate with divinely-delegated powers (Renaissance 66-82), almost in line with Eliade’s version of a receding sky-god replaced by a local delegate (see Eliade 52); the attack upon Vincentio’s foolish mystification by Clifford Leech (69-71); and the concomitant understanding by Wylie Sypher that the Duke’s Vienna is merely an arbitrary, chaoticRead MoreFilm Analysis and Different Viewpoints on A Woman Under the Influence, and Wanda2555 Words   |  11 PagesI. Introduction Beginning in the late 1960’s, a new film movement known as New Hollywood began, rapidly replacing the Classical method of filmmaking. This era was unique because many popular films of the time were produced outside of the studio system, shot on-location, and with non-professional actors and actresses. These â€Å"art films† were brash, irreverent, and full of anger. While directors during this time used drastically different methods to achieve their final product, the meaning theyRead MoreRene Descartes And Hume Essay1767 Words   |  8 Pagesmost complicated questions regarding mortal life and the spiritual realm easier to comprehend. Philosophy, or â€Å"love of wisdom and truth†, juxtaposes traditional methods of learning by asserting the value of skepticism is learning through inquiry. That said, a plethora of philosophers post-Classical period have proposed solutions to matters that affect our very existence as human beings. (Olson, 1) What, for instance , are the fundamental properties that make us unique individuals with independent thoughtsRead MoreMedieval Europe And The Renaissance Essay3095 Words   |  13 Pagescentralization. An urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism and a secular view on life emerged. The Renaissance showed the birth of humanism, which revives the use of classical writings for learning. Materialism also emerged during this time, people started to focus more on themselves. And individualism and skepticism also came about. Banking was a great supporter of the Renaissance, Italian bankers were bankers of the pope and all trade was going through them. Cities rise in importance and

1993 Ap U.S. History Dbq Essay - 775 Words

Despite the common English backgrounds, societies in the New England and Chesapeake regions of Colonial America had split off into two incredibly different cultures: A very religiously focused New England and the more economic-oriented Chesapeake. Because these regions were settled for different purposes, the development of these societies led to the distinctions between them. One of the major causes for emigration from England to North America was religious persecution. Religious tolerance in Britain for other Christian sects besides the Anglican church was virtually nonexistent, resulting in many members of other sects to seek religious haven in the colonies. The vast majority of immigrants coming to New England were followers of†¦show more content†¦Contrary to the pilgrims of New England, those who settled in the Chesapeake area colonized the region for more economic purposes. Many people who settled in the Chesapeake were down-on-their-luck English citizens living in sw amps and slums hoping to stake it out in the New World, because it couldn’t be much worse than the conditions they faced back in England. Most received their tickets to America through indentured servitude, paying for their trip with a few years of free labor for a wealthy master. Document C is a roster of indentured servants bound for Virginia who are all set to work for the same master. Indentured servitude had long lasting effects on the colonies, the most impactful being Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 (Document H). This uprising was caused former indentured servants who had no land or property of their own once their work contracts expired. Because the land westward was populated by Natives and therefore almost impossible to acquire, the dissenters focused against the rich and powerful members of the colonies. The successful uprising led to reforms such as work regulations explained in Document E, as well a shift away from indentured servitude and towards slavery of bla cks. Other settlers besides indentured servants were aspiring traders and gold-hunters mentioned in Document F. While traders had little success early on and treasure hunters definitely didn’t find their fields of

Public Schools Funding And Availability Of Arts Programs

Public schools in America have seen a significant loss of funding which in turn has caused reductions in the funding and availability of arts programs country wide. School districts have cut the programs that they believe are least useful in boosting their testing averages which begs the question: In an age where students are taught simply to take tests, does education in the arts, and more specifically theatre, have a place in today’s schools. In recent years this country has seen tremendous cuts to educational budgets at both federal and state levels throughout the country. As a result of this there has been increases in class sizes, the laying off staff and faculty members, reduced programs, and even shortened school calendars. In August of 2012 the Executive Office of the President released a report that states that since the end of the recession (June 2009), â€Å"we have lost more than 300,000 local education jobs, raising class sizes and threatening the education of our nation’s children.† (whitehouse). For an excellent example of how those deep budget cuts are effecting education at a state level, we look at Philadelphia Pennsylvania. Funding for education was reduced by approximately $900 million in the 2011-2012 school year. The aforementioned cuts resulted in drastic reduction of programs including arts and music education, layoffs, increase in class size, and reduction in tutoring (cgs). This can be seen in nearly every school district in the country, which notShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Arts On American Public Schools1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe decline in the presence of fine arts, as well as their funding, in American public schools is associated with the changing priorities of American politicians, as well as the diverse curriculum that does not provide the arts a place. Since the relatively recent inception of new educational legislature, such as NCLB (No Child Left Behind), arts are struggling to find a space in the classroom even though they are integrated into the mandated curriculum. Whether it be increased focus on test preparationRead MoreFine Arts Should Be School Sponsored1513 Words   |  7 PagesFine arts should be school sponsored and implemented in the school curriculum. First of all it has tremendous academic benefits. Studies done at the University of California Irvine, or UCI, show when children and teens are exposed to music, preferably classical mu sic (which is a common theme among school bands), they tend to have better memories and they are able to retain information better than students who aren’t exposed to music. Chris Brewer, founder of Lifesounds Educational Services, saysRead MoreMusic Oppression Of American Classrooms1241 Words   |  5 Pageshalls in a school whom has cut their music program. Many schools across the nation are suffering from severe budget cuts, and sadly music is far too often the first on the list to go. Music in the American public school system is often a way for students to express themselves and develop a sense of pride and devotion by being a musician. Yet, music education has been proven to improve young students’ cognitive capabilities, music programs are still being cut from the curriculum in schools across theRead MoreMusic Education And Its Effect On Education1661 Words   |  7 Pagesit often is in the public school system today, but instead schools should do just the op posite; treat music education as a priority. The evidence makes clear the benefits of playing a musical instrument on students’ abilities to perform academically. For example, the Harmony Project is an after- school program that provides music lessons to children from underprivileged neighborhoods of California. Ninety-three percent of seniors in the program have graduated from high school in four years and goneRead MorePlanning For The Elementary School System1061 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction As a school system it is important to be proactive in planning for the educational needs of the students in the Applegate Public School System (APS). As a result of land developers being approved by the town council zoning board to build several townhome complexes, a new school needs to be built to accommodate the families that will be moving into those houses. The elementary school in the area that has been approved by the town council and zoning board is already at its maximum capacityRead MoreU.s. Obam A History Of Education Policy And Reform1491 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of involvement working toward change in each represented state with some successes, some failures, and some learning opportunities available with each change. Chris Christie, a republican presidential candidate of New Jersey, believes that our public education system is failing our children. During his time as governor of New Jersey, he has supported the change of paying for teachers based on their performance, partly using student achievement as a concrete assessment of teacher’s performanceRead MorePrivate Schools Vs. Private School Education Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pageshave to decide is if they want their child to go to public or private school. Another thing to consider is, which type of school will provide the best education for their child. However, only some families have this choice, and others don’t. Families that aren’t financially stable might not be able to afford a private school education, even if that’s what they would prefer for their children. From previous experience, I feel as though private schools provide a better education. I do not feel it isRead MoreSteps to Writing a Grant Proposal1257 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Steps to Writing a Grant Proposal Section One: Grant Proposal Writing For all organizations funding can be an issue. Depending if the organization is for profit, they depend on loans and revenue to support them, building inventory, and expanding. While non-profits depend on grants and donations to keep their organizations running. The most important with non-profits is writing grant proposals to keep the financial aspects of the organization intact. Human services need to take great care inRead MoreWhat Would You Change About Your Undergraduate College Experience?994 Words   |  4 Pagesto my educational experience. The educational model of a smaller liberal arts college may have been more suitable for me. In dental school, I’m looking forward to experiencing smaller class sizes and more personal interactions with professors. Although I’ve worked hard to promote campus unity through my role in University Productions, Lehigh’s social programming board, we’ve been confronted with issues of funding availability. The large majority of student organizations, like the Lehigh Dental SocietyRead MoreMinimally Adequate Education Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesEducation in the State of South Carolina In the state of South Carolina, public schools students are educated on the basis of a minimally adequate education. South Carolina legislators have interpreted the definition for minimally adequate education, given by the South Carolina Supreme Court, into curriculum requirements for students across the state. South Carolina legislators’ curriculum expectations for graduating high school students are below average. In relation, the students of South Carolina

BlackHawk War And Seminole War Free Essays

Two monumental wars began because of these disagreements, the Black Hawk War and the Second Seminole War. With these two wars the Tribal Indians classical fought on the grounds where they didn’t feel it was right they as the land owners would be kicked off their rightful land because the government wanted it for their own use. The Second Seminole War was lead by an Indian named Solaces (Hatch, 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on BlackHawk War And Seminole War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Solaces was the son of a white man and Indian women. Solace’s father would beat his mother in front of him often until one day she chose to run (Chance, 2003). Solaces was captured one time after running which gave him a greater hatred for the ones he called â€Å"The White Man† (Chance, 2003). In 1819 Spain had turned Florida into the Unites States and the Native Americans that had fled south Were Once again caught in U. S territory who they knew would try to relocate them away from their home. Solaces was a part of one of the tribes, the â€Å"Seminole† tribe that was going to have to move towards the Mississippi. Solaces did not want him or his people to have to move, so when there was a meeting that was going to be held most of the other tribes signed their treaties agreeing to move their tribes out of Florida, but the Seminole tribe refused to move, Solaces stated as he stood up at the meeting with a knife in his hand â€Å"This is the only treaty I will make with the whites† (Hatch, 2012). From that point on it was a war between the government and the Seminole. For years the Generals could not take over the Seminole Tribe. The tribe was strong like their leader Solaces and the tribe knew the area well to know how to take advantage of anyone coming to hurt them or their people (Hatch, 2012). The Seminole Tribe fought many small wars and never lost until their leader got very sick with malaria and became very weak (Hatch, 2012). Solaces had two leaders under him which guided and ran the troops, but the tribe depended on Solace’s strength and when he got weak so did all of his Indian Army. Towards the end of the war a General Hernandez was allowed to come to the Seminole camp, the Seminole hung its white flag at half mass as it’s flag of truce, but since the Seminole had such a stubbornness to them when it came to the Generals and their Army, General Hernandez had his men silently surround the camp and when given the sign they took it over and the invincible Solaces was captured and imprisoned (Hatch, 2012). A year later Solaces died and when he died about only 100 Seminole were left in Florida (Hatch, 2012). The Blackjack War also happened during the sass’s. Black Hawk himself as one of the Auk Indians. Two chiefs had agreed to a treaty that the Auk Indians would leave the land east of the Mississippi and let the government have it. Back Hawk and other Auk Indians did not believe these chiefs had the right to give this land away (Wisconsin, 2014). A quarter century later settlers began to start taking over the land with no respect for any treaties at the time and the Auk Indians thought it was futile to resist the overwhelming white forces (Wisconsin, 2014). Black Hawk decided to lead 1,200 Auk’s in the hope of reoccupying their home and land (keep in mind Black Hawk didn’t hind the treaty was real and thought it was fraudulent because of who had did the signing) and if anything bad Was to happen the British would come to his aid (which they did not) (Wisconsin, 2014). In 1832 for 16 weeks Black Hawk and his followers had plans. The warriors would fight and the non- combatants would try to find ways across the Mississippi River to safety. Many died from hunger, thirst, exhaustion, and were buried on the trail (Wisconsin, 2014). Troops were able to attacks when the Auk’s Indians reached the banks of the Mississippi near the mouth of the Bad Axe River Wisconsin, 2014). In the end Black Hawk left his followers to surrender and only 150 Indians survived out of the 1,200 that began with Black Hawk. The two tribes didn’t want to just give up land they believed was there, but who can blame them. Imagine if someone came into your home and said they were going to take it and you had to move with your family. These two tribes suffered a great deal and the families all suffered with so many dead. There is one big difference between the two wars though. Each tribe had one main leader Solaces and Black Hawk. Solaces did retreat as did Black Hawk, but Black Hawk just ended up giving up on his followers completely where Solaces didn’t. Solaces tried to finally work with the military and come up with a treaty for his followers. Solaces didn’t just give up and walk away from his followers in hopes they make it. Regardless of all the history, all the Indian tribes were treated unfairly and were always bullied by the government to due whatever the government thought was best (which was always best for the government, not everyone involved). The Tribes did fight and did try to stand their ground and hold onto their land. In the end the tribes just weren’t strong or big enough to fight off he militias and troops involved against them and lost both battles. How to cite BlackHawk War And Seminole War, Essays

The Impact of Price and Tobacco Control Policies

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Price and Tobacco Control Policies. Answer: Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand measures the economic relationship between the changes in quantity demand for a product and the change in its price to define the price sensitivity. It is measured by considering the percentage change in demand and percentage change in the price of such product (Thimmapuram Kim, 2013). Accordingly, if the percentage change on price of the product is small against the high percentage change in demand of product quantity, then the product is said to have price elasticity of demand. On the other hand, if the percentage change on price of product is high while the percentage change in quantity demand is low then the product is not responsive to the price change and regarded as inelastic (Coglianese et al., 2016). For the products like tobacco or cigarettes, product is not responsive to the change in price since, consumption level of tobacco is not affected at high percentage due to increase in its price. As the individuals are addicted to consume tobacco, change in price does not affect the consumption level hence price elasticity for the product reflects less than one and the product is said to be relatively inelastic (Lin Prince, 2013). Similarly, cigarette products fall in the same category as the product is consumed by people out of addiction hence, increase in price due to increase of duties and taxes does not decrease the consumption level at large. Products Percentage change in quantity demand percentage change in the price Price elasticity of demand Addictive product (tobacco/ Cigarettes) 5% fall 16% increase 0.31 Substitute products (soup, chocolates) 70% decrease 20% increase 3.5 Luxury products (Smartphone) 35% increase 15% fall 2.30 In case of products having substitute products, price elasticity of demand represents change in consumption level at high percentage due to change in price structure (Huang, Tauras Chaloupka, 2014). In case of appetizer product for instance, Heinz soup, demand for the product consumption will fall at large if the price of soup rises because the product has several substitute products and consumers will switch to cheaper variety of products. Considering the graph, it can be noted that if the rise in price of Heinz soup amounts to 20% whereas the decrease in demand of the soup is 70%, then the price elasticity of demand for soup is 3.5. Similarly, for the chocolate products, if price of dairy milk rises, consumption will fall at higher rate as there are several alternatives for chocolates hence, the price elasticity of demand for chocolate is said to be elastic. On the contrary, price elasticity for luxury products is positive because if the price of electronic goods for example, smart phones, decreases, demand for the product will be elastic at 2.30 higher than one. Due to price decline, consumption level will increase at high percentage and the product will be responsive to the change in price (Coglianese et al., 2016). In view of the above table, it can be said that the price elasticity of demand is affected by the determinants of consumers income and necessity other than the substitute goods. References Coglianese, J., Davis, L. W., Kilian, L., Stock, J. H. (2016). Anticipation, tax avoidance, and the price elasticity of gasoline demand.Journal of Applied Econometrics. Huang, J., Tauras, J., Chaloupka, F. J. (2014). The impact of price and tobacco control policies on the demand for electronic nicotine delivery systems.Tobacco control,23(suppl 3), iii41-iii47. Lin, C. Y. C., Prince, L. (2013). Gasoline price volatility and the elasticity of demand for gasoline.Energy Economics,38, 111-117. Thimmapuram, P. R., Kim, J. (2013). Consumers' price elasticity of demand modeling with economic effects on electricity markets using an agent-based model.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,4(1), 390-397.

Dangerousness of Drugs

Question: Write a summary, outlining the perception of the use of various type of illegal drugs. E.g. heroin, cannabis, cocaine. Choose one from these drugs, and research the possible benefits and the health risks associated with the short and long term consumption. Compare the perceived benefit and hazards associated with the use of the drug to the actual benefits and hazards associated with the use of the drug. Answer: Outline the use of illegal drugs This report has been used for outlining the use of the illegal drugs and the impact of the same on health of the people. Attitude of the people towards the consumption of drugs which is considered to be illegal drugs has to be analysed. The policy makers ensure to highlight the risks associated with the consumption of drugs which can affect the health of the people. Through the policy, the public are made aware of the drug associated knowledge which is related to creating awareness about the drug users. An attempt is made to create awareness about the drug related information or knowledge which aims at reducing inaccuracy details that can influence the general public. The awareness of the illegal drugs like heroin, cocaine, and cannabis has been discussed in this report (Parrott, 2007). Long and short term use of heroin usage Long term and short term benefits of heroin usage has been analysed in this report. Continuous usage of the illegal drugs affects the physiology of human brain and physical structure, which creates long term imbalance in human body. Long term usage, affects the functioning of the brain, which impacts the decision making ability of human. Consumption of the illegal drugs helps the human in increasing the tolerance or the physical dependency. The level of the tolerance level is assumed to have to similar effects of the human being. However, the withdrawal symptoms have a stronger impact on the users, which affects the physical stability of human beings. Disadvantage of the system includes muscle pain, bone pain, restlessness, cold flashes, and others. Such factors or symptoms can impact the normal life of the individual. This is one of the reasons, the long term health impact on humans has to be analysed. The withdrawal symptoms are at the peak for 24-48 hours (Kmietowicz, 2009). Short term impact exists with the impact on the brain. Abusers usually enjoy pleasurable sensation which remains for a shorter period of time. The impact on the user depends upon the quantity undertaken by the users. In some cases, the users might feel warm flush arises from the skins and dry mouth. The mental function is usually affected by the usage of the illegal drugs. In case of excessive usage, the user might face life threat, which is quite serious (Best, 2003). Comparison of the perceived and actual benefits and hazards associated with the drugs The perceived benefits related to the usage of heroine raises serious concern amongst the users. Increase anxiety and relaxed mental status are some of the perceptions that are assumed by the users. However, the actual impact of the use of the illegal drugs has serious impact on the user. This difference has to be analysed and has to be shared in the right manner. Such a factor will help in analysing the health related factor and challenges that can affect the health of the users. It affects the mental ability of the users and restricts the power to think and introduce action plan (Cole et al., 2010). References Best D., Gross S., Vingoe L., Witton J., Strang J. Dangerousness of drugs. A guide to the risks and harms associated with substance misuse. London: Department of Health; 2003 Cole C., Jones L., McVeigh J., Kicman A., Syed Q., Bellis M. A. Adulterants in illicit drugs: a review of empirical evidence. Drug Testing and Analysis 2010; 3: 89-96 Kmietowicz Z (2009). "Home secretary accused of bullying drugs adviser over comments about ecstasy".BMJ338: b612.doi:10.1136/bmj.b612.PMID19218327 Parrott A. C. Drug-related harm: a complex and difficult concept to scale. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 2007; 22: 423-5. Nutt, D.; King, L. A.; Saulsbury, W.;Blakemore, C.(2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse".The Lancet369(9566)

Organizational Behaviour Case Study free essay sample

Is it possible to meet this weekend? Roy: Yes, no problem. See you then this weekend. The day of meeting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Ashok: Hi Roy, please come in Roy: Good morning. Ashok: You seem to be quite serious, any problem. Roy: Yes, I am having some. There is an issue where I am directly in conflict with the interests of my boss. I am at a total loss about whom to listen to, in this proposition. I think I will not challenge the boss. Its difficult and risky to question for an employee asking about the appropriateness of his boss. As an internal employee, I feel that speaking up couldve had political or even career-derailing consequences. Ashok: If I would be in your position Id also feel that its a greater potential risk to my credibility to be perceived as a traitor for the company. But I think your stance must be consistent with companys standards on Ethics and Integrity, which states that we must not mix our personal things with professional standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behaviour Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Let me share my brother’s experience, Sameer. 3 years before:- Mr. Sameer Sharma was working as a Credit Manager in the Processing Cell of a leading public sector bank. He was working in this domain for past 20 years and had vast experience in sanctioning loan proposals. He had been awarded by the bank for his great performance in credit section. He had always been honest and dutiful towards his work. Since he had joined the bank, he had been an asset as far as the credit business of the bank was concerned. A local branch of the bank marketed a proposal of a Housing Loan. The applicant Mr. Kumar was a Senior District Forest Officer. The branch had also the account of the Forest department which was a source of business for the branch. Mr. Kumar wanted to obtain Housing loan without submitting proper title deed of the property. He wanted to utilize his powerful status in the society to avail the loan facility. In addition, he had also promised Mr. Shah, the branch manager that the Forest Department will ensure that the business of branch will increase by providing more and more deposits. Without preliminary scrutiny, the branch manager Mr. Shah forwarded the proposal to the Processing Cell. When the AGM of the Processing Cell, Mr. Joshi received the proposal, he forwarded it to his most efficient and trustworthy officer Sameer for proper scrutiny. While going through the proposal, Sameer found a lot of iscrepancies in it as many things were not in accordance with the norms laid by the Bank. He straight-forward returned the proposal to the branch clearly rejecting it. When Mr. Shah complained to the AGM, he also refused to interfere as he shared a great rapport with Sameer which has developed over a period of time due to sustained dedicated and efficient efforts of Sameer. One fine day, the Deputy General Ma nager (DGM) of the bank, Mr. Sinha who was responsible for the banking activities in the state, invited Sameer to praise him for his sincere efforts in making significant growth in the business of the bank. The DGM of the bank had a certain target to fulfil with respective to credit sanctioned, and in that fiscal year it was yet to be achieved. During the meeting, the DGM asked for a personal favour and instructed Sameer to approve a loan proposal of his acquaintance, which would meet both the ends. The relationship of DGM with the acquaintance will be maintained as well as his â€Å"credit-target† would be achieved. Sameer, after perusing the loan proposal found that it was the same one which he had rejected, of Mr. Kumar’s, the DFO, who turned out to be a close friend of the DGM. He initially thought of rejecting the loan proposal outright, but the DGM’s insistence was playing on his mind. Sameer asked the DGM for a written approval on whose grounds he will sanction the loan. DGM refused to give a written statement. Sameer argued that if something wrong happens then he and his AGM will have to face the blushes. The DGM straight away started flexing his â€Å"chair-muscle† and threatened him that if he would not sanction the loan then he will be transferred to a remote location and his appraisal will be affected badly. Sameer’s career was at stake, and this was a complete new situation to him. He decided to discuss this matter with his AGM, Mr. Joshi. After listening to the discussion between the DGM and his Credit Manager, the AGM decided to lend full support to Sameer in his stand. Sameer also found full support from his colleagues at the Processing Cell. Every one was of the same opinion that if the loan becomes a bad debt (NPA), then the Processing Cell will face the charges. They all agreed to quit from the Cell if the DGM takes any action against Sameer, the most productive employee of the Cell. Sameer was pretty much tensed about the situation and the family members could sense something was wrong. His wife inquired about the issue worrying him. Sameer didn’t wish to burden his family members with his workplace problems, so avoided as far as he could. Subsequently, with his career on the line, he also thought that the issue was going to affect his family too, so decide to confide to his wife. She, after listening became agitated and vented out her thoughts. She thought about the future of her children and what effect would it have if he was relocated to a remote location or worst still if his job was made insecure. She asked Sameer that it is better to stick with the DGM’s decision as he has considerable power to influence his career. Though she also affirmed, she would be behind him, whatever is his decision. Sameer felt confused; the dilemma was becoming complex day by day. What was a simple choice between what was right and wrong was changing into what would be right to save his career, what would be a prudent choice rather than a foolish one. The â€Å"call† had to make now, Sameer was in a fix of his career! As the time for the decision approached, Sameer further brainstormed with his boss and his colleagues and decided to view the matter in the long run gain point of view. He started the procedure to discard the loan application. In the meanwhile, the DGM, Mr. Sinha issued transfer orders of Sameer and Mr. Joshi (AGM), the AGM. He felt that AGM has also acted as a shield to Sameer in this matter. As they had planned earlier, the AGM immediately approached the General Manager (GM) of the Bank. He discussed this issue with him in detail and asked for his intervention. The GM intervened and their transfer order was stayed. But what was not stayed was their performance appraisal, which is essential to have a good one for promotions. This affected both of them as their promotion despite good performance was delayed for more than a year, the culprit being the usual lethargic and high-and-mighty working culture of the PSUs. Although Sameer saved the Bank from an invalid loan proposal, he was unable to save his career interest. He won on ethics but lost on performance appraisal. The issue of Managing One’s Boss can also be brought to light in this case. When, one’s boss in an organization plays the role of a bully and creates a situation, where your own career is at stake. The methods that you need to adopt so that a feasible solution is reached without harming your career would be a trait of a successful manager. Maintaining ‘Ego’ is reflected in this case. The DGM in his egoistic approach threatens his sub-ordinate to conduct wrong practices in the organization despite knowing that it is against the norms. This can be also related to wrong use of power in an organization. The sub-ordinate is threatened to be transferred which implies practice of dirty politics in the organization for personal interests. We can also visualize the case with the point of Stress Management, where the decision is made by the protagonist under considerable amount of stress. Hierarchical pressure, Family pressure, Social pressure and as well as pressure developed due to one’s own moral and ethical values has been put forward in this case. Dealing with all these stresses, and coming to a correct decision, would exemplify the role of a manager.

My Antonia Essays - My Ntonia, Antonii, Willa Cather, My Antonia

My Antonia "My Antonia," by Willa Cather has many symbols through out the novel. Symbolism reflects her own views as a child through her life. Some of these symbols are Jim's grandomother's garden and snake-killing incident. Jim's grandomother's garden made him fell as a part of nature, as human beings originally were in the Garden of Eden. When he came to the garden he would also wonder if people felt like this when they died and became a part of knowledge, goodness, sun and air. His maturity makes him feel how he really feels about Antonia. Jim was always afraid to tell Antonia how he felt about her. Ever since Jim laid eyes on her, he knew that she was the love of his life, but didn't want to tell her because of the big difference of the social classes. Jim often wondered if Antonia could serve as a motherm friend, lover or sweetheart. In the garden Jim and Antonia would play around, work in the garden and picked potatos. The garden symbolizes the freedom that children enjoyed during the youth years. When the sanke-incident happens Antonia brags about how brave Jim was. Antonia exclaimed to Jim's family, "He fight something awful! He is all over Jimmy's boots. I scream for him to run, but he jsut hit an hit that snake like he was crazy. (Page 33). At this point Jim realizes that Antonia was more that a friend but Antonia sees him more like a little brother especially since he is four years younger than him. Work can also be another symbol in the term that Antonia worked hard in the farm. "Her neck came up strongly out of her shoulders, like the hole of a tree out of the turf" Cather emphasizes. Antonia goal was to prove her mother that she can work as well as Ambrosch leads her to compete with the men plowing and to pick up masculine traits that overshadow her feminity. Antonia would always work hard in the fields and people knew she was a hard worker. This symbol of work showes how she does not give up even though she is a girl. Through out the novel symbolism is often used in every chapter. Willa Cather often used symbolism portaining to Jim and Antonia. Willa Cather thought that using symbolism would bring more meaning to the novel.

The Confessional Poetry by Robert Lowell

The Confessional Poetry by Robert Lowell Free Online Research Papers M. L. Rosenthal ‘first applied the term confession to Robert Lowell’s work’ (1). One definition of what makes a poem ‘confessional’ is offered by Irving Howe, who argues that a ‘confessional poem would seem to be one in which the writer speaks to the reader, telling him, without the mediating presence of imagined event or persona, something about his life’. (2) The first poem that was called ‘confessional’ was Snodgrass’ ‘Heart’s Needle’, which ‘provided a model of truthfulness’. (3) Before then, the subject matter of poetry implicitly included little of the poet’s private life, instead focusing upon public issues using a detached persona. The new ‘confessional’ poems removed the mask that poets had been hiding behind and provided an insight into the private lives of the poets. However, upon close study it is clear to recognize the differences as well as similarities between the ‘confessional poets’ and their poems. The label ‘confessional poetry’ over-simplifies and undervalues the nature of the poetry of Lowell, Sexton and Plath. While these poems frequently engage in what is repressed, hidden and falsified, defining them as ‘confessional’ undermines the creative ability of the writer to construct a persona or imaginary scenario that is separate from their lives. Critics have argued whether or not the poems of Lowell, Sexton and Plath are ‘confessional’. M. L. Rosenthal argued that Plath was a ‘confessional’ poet because she ‘followed Lowell’s autobiographical method in Life Studies.’ (4) Likewise, Edward Butscher argues that ‘Plath’s confessionalism was the ultimate goal of her poetic career.’ (5) Howe also describes Plath’s ‘Lady Lazarus’ as a ‘confessional’ poem because it discusses her recurrent suicide attempts. Nevertheless, Howe criticizes much of Plath’s poetry for being self-indulgent, describing ‘Daddy’ as a ‘revenge fantasy’ rather than ‘confessional’. (6) Howe separates Plath from the ‘confessional’ category because he claims that she has ‘abandoned the sense of audience’ in favor of self-indulgence. (7) In stark contrast to this, Rosenblatt argues that while Pla th’s later poems were influenced by life experiences, her poetry does not depend on its confessional nature. Rosenblatt states that while these poems ‘begin with an autobiographical situation’ they ‘exist by themselves and can be read and understood in most cases without biographical information.’ Rather than directly using her experience in the poems, Plath frequently uses ‘elements from her experience as the starting point for imagistic and thematic elaborations.’ (8) In her earlier poems, Plath appeared to repress certain themes that were influential on the imagery of her poems. Later, however, Sylvia ‘begins to tell the truth.’ (9) For instance, in ‘The Colossus’ Plath presents the image of her father, but not the full extent of her feelings toward him, which are revealed in ‘Daddy’. While she both loves and hates her father in ‘The Colossus’, it is in ‘Daddy’ that Plath unleashes her hatred upon him. Expanding on the reality of her experience, Plath’s persona is at conflict with her father because he is German, and she is a Jew. Robert Phillips’ argument that ‘Daddy’ is ‘a poem of total rejection’ (10) is reinforced by Plath’s lines ‘Daddy, I have had to kill you.’ (11) However, more controversially, it has been argued that Plath is sexually obsessed with her father. Some critics have suggested that the ‘black shoeà ¢â‚¬â„¢ in which she has ‘lived like a foot’ (12) is a phallic symbol that proves her incestuous desires. In the poem, Plath moves from desiring her father, fearing him, to hating him. The suggestion of incest is embellished in Plath’s implication that she married a man just like her father: I made a model of you, A man in black with a Meinkampf look and a love of the rack and the screw. And I said I do, I do. (13) This reference appears to apply to Plath in her statement that she was married to this man for seven years. However, just as her relationship with Ted is over, Plath tells her father: ‘Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I’m through.’ (14) Like in ‘Daddy’, Plath addresses a German ‘Herr’ in ‘Lady Lazarus’, where she addresses the hidden theme of suicide. Plath’s use of first person narration implies that it is her who has ‘done it again’. (15) Like Sexton, Plath frankly admits that this is not her first suicide attempt – ‘This is Number Three’. (16) However, at the end of the poem the speaker undergoes a rebirth that enables her to ‘eat men like air.’ (17) In comparison, Plath explains the oppressive treatment that women receive in society in her poem, ‘The Applicant’. Like Sexton, Plath is tired of domestic servitude and the emphasis that is placed upon women’s appearance. Plath emphasizes that a person will not be accepted by society unless they are ‘our sort of person’. (18) The purpose of a woman is to ‘do whatever you tell it’ or to ‘marry it’. (19) Plath points out the patronizing treatment of women with her line ‘Come here, sweetie’, showing that a woman is treated like a dog, or a ‘living doll’ rather than an independent human being. (20) The qualities that are valued in women are sewing, cooking and talking, as well as the obvious requirement of looking attractive. Critics often make the mistake of claiming that the voice of Anne Sexton’s poems is hers, rather than an invented persona. As Sexton said, in a radio interview with Macbeth, facts ‘â€Å"are very unimportant things, there to make you believe in the emotional content in a poem†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. (21) In order to be effective, the voice of Sexton’s poems ‘must likewise be both a selection (an aspect of the whole person who is writing) and an artifice, shaped and ordered to suit the needs of the poem.’ (22) Anne Sexton provides proof of her use of personas, stating that she ‘would alter any word, attitude, image or persona for the sake of a poem.’ (23) Sexton claims that distorting the truth ‘made a better poem’. (24) What is typically ‘confessional’ about Sexton’s work is its handling of taboo or shocking subjects that were not traditionally discussed in poetry before the so-called ‘confessional poets’. These taboo subjects such as mental breakdowns, suicide, marital problems and incest were themselves hidden from poetry in the past. Sexton’s poems engaged in what was ‘repressed, hidden, or falsified’ from an early stage in poems such as ‘In the Beach House’, which associated her parents’ lovemaking, ‘the royal strapping’, with a beating she had received from her father. (25) However, Anne Sexton’s recurring themes were further expanded upon throughout her poetry so that any repressed feelings were finally revealed. Repression was a key theme for Sexton, which is reinforced by the comments of Robin Becker a former student of Sexton’s, who explained how Sexton used to ‘â€Å"unrepressed†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ the class. (26) What remained repressed for Sexton was her memories of sexual abuse, whether real or imagined. While her friends believe that Sexton was sexually abused, her therapist, Dr. Orne, believed that it was a false memory. However, Sexton’s preoccupation with incest is clear in many of her poems including ‘The Truth the Dead know’, ‘Flee on Your Donkey’ and ‘In the Beach House’. In ‘The Death of the Fathers’, Sexton suggests incest in her description of dancing with her father. The innocent dance is perverted with the image of ‘The serpent, that mocker, woke up and pressed against me’. (27) As well as repressed images of sexual feelings toward her father, Sexton’s poems imply an unnatural relationship with her mother. Sexton reported to her psychiatrist, repressed memories of her mother’s genital inspections, which left her feeling ashamed and humiliated. While this theme is not overtly explored in her poems, Sexton implies hostility toward her mother in many of her poems. If the themes of insanity, suicide, marital discord and incest had been hidden from society, Sexton tackled these themes vigorously and forced people to acknowledge them. In an interview with Barbara Kevles, Sexton admitted: ‘ Recently I noticed in â€Å"Flee on Your Donkey† that I had used some of the same facts in To Bedlam and Part Way Back, but I hadn’t realized them in their total ugliness. I’d hidden from them.’ (28) In Sexton’s poem ‘Live’, she mentions her time in a mental hospital by referring to ‘my hospital shift’. (29) Sexton offers the reasons for her mental breakdown, blaming her suicidal tendencies and the pressures of her family: a husband straight as a redwood, two daughters, two sea urchins, picking roses off my hackles. If I’m on fire they dance around it and cook marshmallows (30) Domesticity depresses the character most likely to be Sexton herself because she feels used by her husband and children. Sexton admits what the critics always highlight ‘People don’t like to be told / that you’re sick’. (31) However, Sexton is more upbeat in this poem when she mocks ‘Even crazy, I’m as nice/ as a chocolate bar.’ (32) More overtly suicidal is Sexton’s ‘Wanting to Die’ in which she claims that ‘suicides have a special language.’ (33) In this poem, the character states that ‘Twice I have so simply declared myself, / have possessed the enemy, eaten the enemy’. (34) While she realizes that ‘Death’s a sad Bone’, she is drawn to it ‘year after year’. (35) Like Robert Lowell’s poems about marital breakdown, which arguably influenced Sexton, Sexton also wrote a poem called ‘Man and Wife’. Aside from the pressures that Sexton feels from her children, the character of ‘Man and Wife’ feels isolated from her husband. Although they are married, they ‘do not even know each other’. (36) There is a sense that they are forced to stay together, out of obligation, like ‘A soldier is forced to stay with a soldier / because they share the same dirt’. (37) However, a sense of love is expressed in the lines ‘Oh darling, / we gasp in unison beside our window pane’. (38) This poem emphasizes the complex nature of human relationships. Previously, before the confessional poets, marital discord would have found little, if any, expression in poetry. What had been absent from poetry as well as society was an insight into the lives of women. Sexton took this hidden aspect of life and presented it in her poems. When All My Pretty Ones was published, it was Sexton’s ‘direct treatment of the female body in such poems as â€Å"The Operation† that attracted the interest of reviewers.’ (39) However, certain male reviewers could not cope with these frank ‘confessions that involved the emotional and bodily functions of women. For example, James Dickey criticised Anne Sexton for dwelling on ‘the pathetic and disgusting aspects of bodily experience’. (40) An engagement with what has been ‘falsified’ for Sexton is explicit in her confession that untruthfulness was a ‘legitimate characteristic of her self-representation’. (41) Sexton admits that she falsified the experiences in her poems, for example, mentioning only one daughter, changing the number of visits to metal institutions, and referring to her brother that she did not have. In an interview with William Heyen and Al Poulin in September 1973, Sexton said: I remember Ralph Mills talking about my dead brother whom I’ve written about. And I met Ralph and I said, â€Å"Ralph,† â€Å"Ralph, I had no brother, but then didn’t we all have brothers who died in that war?†But I write my brother, and of course he believes it I should say â€Å"Excuse me, folks, but no brother,† but that would kind of ruin the poem (42) Even what seems like a personal experience that Sexton is confessing can be an imagined scenario, used for dramatic effect. As Dr. Orne suggested, Sexton’s memories of child abuse may have been invented ‘when she was reading and writing about incest’. (43) Indeed, Sexton has admitted to committing â€Å"truth crimes† during her therapy sessions. (44) However, whether true or not, the stories of incest allowed Sexton to explore a taboo subject. Howe argues that the poetry of Lowell is confessional because the â€Å"I† ‘really did mean his private self, not a persona created for the poem’s occasion.’ (45) Patrick Cosgrove argues that Lowell is not a confessional poet but the label ‘confessional’ ‘revealed an essential part of the way in which Lowell, and the critics and commentators who admire him, thought about their –and man’s – place in the world of affairs.’ (46) That is, Lowell’s poems were viewed as confessional because his personal thoughts reflected what was occurring in society. In the same way, people assumed that Lowell was telling the truth, which was inevitably his truth, not the views of a persona. As Williams stated, ‘â€Å"There is no lying permitted to a man who writes that way.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (47) Lowell himself encouraged the ‘confessional’ label when he asserted that Life Studies was ‘â€Å"about direct experience, and not symbols†; it tells his â€Å"personal story and memories.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (48) While his old poems hid what they were about, his new ‘confessional’ poems expressed private, hidden thoughts. However, this new personal style was criticized by critics such as Desales Standerwick, who found the subject matter ‘â€Å"embarrassing.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (49) Despite his criticism of Sexton, Rosenthal praised Lowell for removing the mask and emerging as ‘â€Å"the damned speaking-sensibility of the world.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (50) What is unique about Lowell is that he grounds his personal poetry in the hidden past of the Lowell family he focuses on ‘the family disgraces, tensions, neuroses, and failures.’ (51) The hidden past is valuable to Lowell for what it has to teach us about the present. In particular, his nervous breakdowns are caused by memories from his past that haunt him. However, unlike other ‘confessional’ poets, Lowell also explores the consequences of the past in modern society. In many of his poems Lowell criticizes the behavior of his ancestors and blames them for the decay of society. In ‘Skunk Hour’, Lowell criticizes the corrupt society, ‘the season’s ill’, which is responsible for his ‘ill-spirit’, when he confesses ‘My mind’s not right.’ (52)He points out the negative effects of the American Dream by criticizing the materialistic urge that has replaced love: There is no money in his work, he’d rather marry. (53) Without the presence of love, greedy lust is expressed in Lowell’s description of ‘love-cars’ that ‘lay together, hull to hull’. (54) Even lust is represented in terms of the acquisition of wealth with the image of two cars being intimate. The worthlessness of this lust is resonated through the car radio that ‘bleats / â€Å"Love, O careless Love.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (55) As Axelrod argues, in the modern world ‘all is abnormality, self-assertion, ugliness, violence, madness, and monstrosity.’ (56) The only positive image is that of the skunks who are repulsive, but strong enough to survive because they ‘will not scare’. (57) As well as attacking materialism, Lowell controversially opposed the war and was jailed consequently. His poem ‘Memories of West Street and Lepke’ describes his experiences in prison and defines Lowell as ‘a fire-breathing Catholic C.O.’ (58) What is ‘repressed’ in Lowell’s poetry is memories of his family, such as in ‘My Last Afternoon with Uncle Devereux Winslow’, where Lowell reveals ‘the family conflicts and failures normally kept politely hidden.’ (59) In this poem, he remembers the repressed memory of his Grandfather as ‘manly, comfortable, / overbearing, disproportioned’ (60) and his reluctance to be with his parents. As Axelrod emphasizes, the effect of Lowell’s terror at family disputes culminates in his ‘mental collapse as an adult.’ (61) While he portrays his family as intimidating here, he condemns his ancestors more freely in ‘For the Union Dead’. Another theme that is usually hidden from society is that of marital breakdowns. In several poems, Lowell discusses the failure of relationships. In ‘Man and Wife’, Lowell contrasts the romantic early phases of a relationship, characterized by the statement ‘All night I’ve held your hand’ (62), with the stale relationship of the present. Twelve years later, the loveless marriage is characterized by his wife’s ‘old-fashioned tirade’ that ‘breaks like the Atlantic Ocean’ (63) on the head of her husband. This theme is followed up in ‘â€Å"To Speak of Woe That Is in Marriage†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, which is narrated by the wife. In it, there is the threat that ‘This screwball might kill his wife.’ (64) Like Sexton and Plath, Lowell also falsified his experience, what he called ‘â€Å"tinkering with the fact,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (65) in order to make dramatic effect. What was important to Lowell was that the reader ‘â€Å"was to believe he was getting the real Robert Lowell.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (66) For example, In ‘My Last Afternoon’ Lowell only presents the details that he would like the reader to know. He feels free to embellish the truth about setting and personality to make the description sound convincing. The ‘confessional’ poets engage in what is ‘repressed, hidden or falsified’ in response to a literary tradition that excludes personal experience. Whether or not the voice of the poem belongs to the poet, the poems express universal themes that until recently were absent from poetry. Research Papers on The Confessional Poetry by Robert LowellMind TravelComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Bringing Democracy to AfricaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital Punishment

Battle of Amiens in World War I

Battle of Amiens in World War I The Battle of Amiens occurred during World War I (1914-1918). The British offensive began on August 8, 1918, and the first phase effectively ended on August 11. Allies Marshal Ferdinand FochField Marshal Douglas HaigLieutenant General Sir Henry RawlinsonLieutenant General Sir John MonashLieutenant General Richard Butler25 divisions1,900 aircraft532 tanks Germans Generalquartiermeister Erich LudendorffGeneral Georg von der Marwitz29 divisions365 aircraft Background With the defeat of the 1918 German Spring Offensives, the Allies swiftly moved to counterattack. The first of these was launched in late July when French Marshal Ferdinand Foch opened the Second Battle of the Marne. A decisive victory, Allied troops succeeded in forcing the Germans back to their original lines. As the fighting at the Marne waned around August 6, British troops were preparing for a second assault near Amiens. Originally conceived by the commander of the British Expeditionary Force, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, the attack was intended to open rail lines near the city. Seeing an opportunity to continue the success achieved at the Marne, Foch insisted that the French First Army, just to the south of the BEF, be included in the plan. This was initially resisted by Haig as the British Fourth Army had already developed its assault plans. Led by Lieutenant General Sir Henry Rawlinson, the Fourth Army intended to skip the typical preliminary artillery bombardment in favor of a surprise attack led by the large-scale use of tanks. As the French lacked large numbers of tanks, a bombardment would be necessary to soften the German defenses on their front. The Allied Plans Meeting to discuss the attack, British and French commanders were able to strike a compromise. The First Army would take part in the assault, however, its advance would commence forty-five minutes after the British. This would allow the Fourth Army to achieve surprise but still permit the French to shell German positions before attacking. Prior to the attack, the Fourth Armys front consisted of the British III Corps (Lt. Gen. Richard Butler) north of the Somme, with the Australian (Lt. Gen. Sir John Monash) and Canadian Corps (Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur Currie) to the south of the river. In the days prior the attack, extreme efforts were made to ensure secrecy. These included dispatching two battalions and a radio unit from the Canadian Corps to Ypres in an effort to convince the Germans that the entire corps was being shifted to that area. In addition, British confidence in the tactics to be used was high as they had been successfully tested in several localized assaults. At 4:20 AM on August 8, British artillery opened fire on specific German targets and also provided a creeping barrage in front of the advance. Moving Forward As the British began moving forward, the French commenced their preliminary bombardment. Striking General Georg von der Marwitzs Second Army, the British achieved complete surprise. South of the Somme, the Australians and Canadians were supported by eight battalions of the Royal Tank Corps and captured their first objectives by 7:10 AM. To the north, the III Corps occupied their first objective at 7:30 AM after advancing 4,000 yards. Opening a gaping fifteen-mile long hole in the German lines, British forces were able to keep the enemy from rallying and pressed the advance. By 11:00 AM, the Australians and Canadians had moved forward three miles. With the enemy falling back, British cavalry moved forward to exploit the breach. The advance north of the river was slower as the III Corps was supported by fewer tanks and encountered heavy resistance along a wooded ridge near Chipilly. The French also had success and moved forward approximately five miles before nightfall. On average, the Allied advance on August 8 was seven miles, with the Canadians penetrating eight. Over the next two days, the Allied advance continued, though at a slower rate. Aftermath By August 11, the Germans had returned to their original, pre-Spring Offensives lines. Dubbed the Blackest Day of the German Army by Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff, August 8 saw a return to mobile warfare as well as the first large surrenders of German troops. By the conclusion of the first phase on August 11, Allied losses numbered 22,200 killed wounded and missing. German losses were an astounding 74,000 killed, wounded, and captured. Seeking to continue the advance, Haig launched a second assault on August 21, with the goal of taking Bapaume. Pressing the enemy, the British broke through southeast of Arras on September 2, forcing the Germans to retreat to the Hindenburg Line. The British success at Amiens and Bapaume led Foch to plan the Meuse-Argonne Offensive which ended the war later that fall. Selected Sources History of War: Battle of AmiensFirst World War: Battle of AmiensBritish Army in World War I: Battle of Amiens

Prices and Prizes

Prices and Prizes Prices and Prizes Prices and Prizes By Mark Nichol It may not surprise you that price and prize are cognates, but two other common words pertaining to value, and additional words derived from them, share their common ancestor. Price and prize stem from the Latin noun pretium, meaning â€Å"prize† or â€Å"reward,† or â€Å"value† or â€Å"worth.† Price is both a verb meaning â€Å"set value† and a noun meaning â€Å"value† (including a reference to something challenging or unpleasant that is nevertheless necessary as a condition of achieving a desired result). The adjective pricey means â€Å"expensive,† while priceless means not â€Å"without a price† but â€Å"valued beyond price† and refers to an object or an experience worth so much to a person or people in general because of aesthetic considerations or an emotional attachment that no monetary value can be assigned to it. To overprice is to place excessive value on something for sale, while to be priced out of a commodity is to be unable to afford it. A price tag is a piece of paper or other material attached to a product that indicates its monetary value. Something offered for half-price will be sold for half of its marked value. â€Å"Prix fixe,† adopted directly from French and meaning â€Å"fixed price,† describes a set meal offered by a restaurant at a specific cost, as opposed to multiple dishes available, according to a displayed menu, for various prices. To prize is to ascribe value, and a prize is something given in recognition of an achievement. As an adjective, prize means â€Å"worthy of a prize,† and prizeworthy itself is also an adjective. A prizefight is a professional boxing match, and a participant of such an event is a prizefighter, though these terms have largely been superseded by â€Å"boxing match† and boxer. The Latin forebear pretium was altered to precium, and being aware of this form makes it easier to connect precious, meaning â€Å"of great worth† (and often pertaining to aesthetic or emotional worth, as in ascribing value to time, rather than monetary value), to price and prize. Precious also has the sense of â€Å"esteemed,† in describing a cherished friend, though it also has a pejorative sense of â€Å"affected,† or â€Å"overly refined in manner.† The adjectival form is preciously, and the quality of being precious is preciousness. Praise, too, is derived from pretium by way of precium. That word, meaning â€Å"celebrate† or â€Å"commend,† or as a noun â€Å"commendation† or â€Å"worship† (or, less often, â€Å"merit† or â€Å"value†), is also the root of appraise, meaning â€Å"set a value on,† and the noun form appraisal. A praiseworthy act is one that merits commendation. To appreciate is to esteem or value, or to be conscious of, and an act of doing so is one of appreciation; the adjective appreciable means â€Å"able to be measured or perceived.† Depreciate, by contrast, means â€Å"lower in esteem or value†; in a taxation context, it refers to deducting a portion of the original cost of something as its value decreases with age and use. The verb deprecate, meaning â€Å"belittle,† â€Å"play down,† or â€Å"disapprove of,† is unrelated. (Its root word pertains to prayer; originally, to deprecate was to avert something undesired by praying.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two People34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better WriterWhen Is a Question Not a Question?

Tenet Healthcare cooperation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Tenet Healthcare cooperation - Assignment Example Community Health Care, another for-profit healthcare giant, made the bid in an attempt to capitalize on what has been termed as â€Å"Obama’s overhaul† of hospitals and doctors, consolidating with Tenet HealthCare and becoming the largest for-profit health care association in America. Tenet, however, was not ready to give up so easily. They have instead inked a deal with Aetna, another health care giant, to continue to provide services to both Aetna commercial and Medicare Advantage customers. They have also rejected the bid made by Community Health Care, and taken the hard step of literally swallowing a ‘poison pill’, according to the Dallas Business Journal – filing paperwork to cover their incurred $2.0 million losses, and protect the rights of their stockholders, as well as trying to make sure those looking to take over do not succeed. Amid the overhaul of the nation’s health care system, and the eventual consolidation of health care companies, Tenet’s future looks uncertain. If it can continue to hold off bidding rivals, and turn some of its losses into profits, then it may yet succeed. But based on the research that I have uncovered, its future does not look strong. De La Merced, Michael J. (2010, December 29). Community Health Unveils $3.3 Billion Bid for Tenet. New York Times. Retrieved from http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/12/09/community-health-unveils-3-3-billion-bid-for-tenet/?ref=tenethealthcarecorporation. Panchuk, Kerry. (2011, January 10). Tenet: Latest to Swallow Poison Pill? Dallas Business Journal, Retrieved from

Ethnocentric and Eurocentric Translations Research Paper

Ethnocentric and Eurocentric Translations - Research Paper Example The cultural identities have the tendency to strongly influence the behaviors, acts, and attitudes of the people in each and every facet of their lives. The cultural competencies take the shape of very complex phenomenon when a translator came across this issue. The translator can best perform its responsibilities when he is well aware of the complexities that exist between different cultures and he knows how to justifiably deal with the cultural issues while translating the material from one language to another. (Lefevere and Andrà ©, 1992) A good translator is supposed to be well aware of the importance and role of the differences between different cultures (Brislin and Richard, 1976). However, there is also a possibility that the translator acts as an ambassador of a particular culture and neglects the depth of the other cultural contribution by translating it into less effective words, phrases or language. Earlier the translator was not exposed to the concept of cultural differences and he was not supposed to follow the importance of cultural differences while doing the translations. The early definitions of translation also focus upon replacing a word with equivalent text regardless of its cultural expression (Catford, 1965). However, gradually there was awareness about the importance of keeping in view the cultural difference while translating material from one language to other. (Hatim et al, 2006) The awareness about studying the cultural differences during the translations was felt during the time of ancient Rome.

Metamorphosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Metamorphosis - Essay Example The value of family, money and changes are included in the important lessons presented in Kafka’s story. The metamorphosis experienced by the man character can be considered as a representation of the challenges present in life that people have no control of. In terms of the financial aspect of the story, despite the dependence of a family to the breadwinner, things may change as the former harmonious relationship may become conflicting as represented by the primary character. The author also showed how people usually look at the appearance instead the attitude and inner character of a person before judging him or her. Also the limits of human beings for understanding were shown in the novel as the reader can feel how sympathy may be lost. Even though a family is expected to be close enough, it may occur and ruin the relationship. In terms of the mood of the story, it does not tackle the usual flow of the story as it distorted the common view or expected flow. The readers may have the expectation that it would be a light novel, but it was filled with problems and negativities. The novel is really good in capturing the attention and curiosity of the readers as it twisted the story into something that is not expected while sharing insights and lessons in life that may seem valuable and

Strategic Choices for Coca Cola Company Research Paper

Strategic Choices for Coca Cola Company - Research Paper Example On the other hand, weaknesses of the company are negative publicity; health issues attached with the brand, some brands of the company are less popular, poor performance in North America and decline in cash from operating activities. Examination of the external environment demonstrates opportunities and treats of the company. Uncovered market, growing bottled water market, buy out competition and acquisition of the intense competition can be proves opportunities for the company. On the contrary, increasing health consciousness, increased competition from local and international players, legal issues, health ministries of various developing countries are imposing threats on the company (The Coca-Cola Company, 2011). In order to avail the maximum benefits of the strengths and opportunities, the company is advice to handle the threats and weaknesses very carefully. In this context, creation of competitive advantage is recommendable. When a firm has an edge over its competitors then it is said to have a competitive advantage. According Michael Porter, there are two types of competitive advantage viz cost advantage and differentiation strategy. Coca-cola achieved its competitive advantage by delivering same benefits as competitors but on lower cost i.e. cost leadership. However, both local and international competitors pull down its rates to the level of Coca-cola which ended its cost leadership. Then it came up with benefits that exceed those of competitors which are called differentiation strategy. This strategy worked in favor of the company as it positioned the company with distinctive taste in the market. It also added some snacks to its product line which again made its look different (Thinki ng made easy, 2009). The strategic choice of the company is based on the resource based view concept. This concept focuses on creation of competitive advantage by utilizing firm’s resources

Internet Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet Literacy - Essay Example This may be a challenging task especially to those who are not so open-minded about technology and changes however it becomes a liberating experience also to those who come to a learning experience that fulfill one’s dreams. A friend has always been afraid to try the internet nevertheless needed to learn how to use it due to the demands from his work. Being in his forties, his fear was usually fed with the words like ‘you cannot teach an old dog new tricks’ and was challenged considering he is not a dog, he learned and discovered the internet. The process was not easy for both the learner and teacher but it was a fulfilling job they both went through. The student struggled on remembering things about the computer and how to work on it while the teacher made every effort to make instructions simple and clear. Frustrations may have occurred as the learning went but they were turned to joy for every discovery the learner made. Reading vast information from the intern et changed my friend’s perception not only on technology but almost about a lot of things. He says he had come to a deeper understanding of many things as he used the internet as a means for educating himself, reading not only the words but the lives of other people. Writing may not be the job he is paid to do yet he considers he uses a lot from his internet literacy to enhance his information literacy to write the remaining chapters of his life. In considering the elements that this individual and other individuals have learned from their experience with internet literacy, it’s clear there are a great many elements. One of the major elements is the influence that understanding social media has on individual’s lives. While it is not difficult to join a social network, such as Facebook, there is a slight process in learning how to implement it for the greatest gains. As I became more involved with Facebook I recognized that it offered me the opportunity to remain in contact with old friends and people that I otherwise would have lost touch with. This has the effect of enriching my life and giving me a greater perspective on the world. In other contexts, social media has allowed me to join communities of people with similar or specific interests. For instance, individuals interested in literature, cooking, or sports are able to join communities where they are able to discuss their interests. Such aspects of internet literacy are not merely significant in that they allow individuals new forms of communication, but indeed, they also change the very nature of social relations. In understanding social media, rather than having to venture for hours to visit conventions or lectures, one now has direct access to experts in many fields through Twitter. In learning how to implement these elements of internet literacy one can truly make profound life changes. Another highly important element relating to internet literacy are the benefits it holds for education. I recognize that learning how to use the internet is a form of education itself. Still, within this journey one also recognizes that the internet holds the key to a world of skills and opportunities. One of the first instances I remember is spending time in Wikipedia researching history and a variety of topics, the breadth of information and insight I gained from this experience was truly paradigm shattering. As I became more experienced with internet literacy I recognized that in addition to Wikipedia one could read full-texts of books and find more substantial internet sources. In addition to improving my knowledge, it gave me a greater appreciation for the nature of academic research. As I further expanded my understanding of internet liter

Trumpet Voluntary Essay Example for Free

Trumpet Voluntary Essay The novel, Trumpet Voluntary, was written by Jeremy Harmer. This story is about unhappy love. One day when Derek came home he discovered that his wife had disappeared. He offended the members of his music quartet by leaving them to follow his wife to Rio de Janeiro. It was especially difficult for a cellist Rachael, who had fallen in love with Derek when they were students. Having arrived in Rio de Janeiro he met a Cuban detective Oswaldo, who helped him find his wife Malgosia. When Oswaldo found some information about his wife’s location they immediately went there. It was a big white bungalow, where she was with her first boyfriend Tibor. Tibor was a gangster and on that day he waited for his gang members. Oswaldo and Derek were observing them at a distance. Suddenly Derek ran to Malgosia when she left the house but one of gang members fired a gun at him. Luckily Derek survived because Oswaldo took him to the hospital. In the hospital he learned from Oswaldo that his wife had been flown back to her family in Warsaw. In Warsaw he learned from Malgosia’s parents that she had died. She had been poisoned by some form of nerve gas or some kind of chemical agent. When he came back home he had problems with the police. Rachael’s mother was a lawyer and she helped him avoid troubles. At the end Rachael and Derek married. Derek’s life gradually became better. The issue of this book is love. Tibor was a gangster and he involved Malgosia in his criminal deals. He caused a lot of trouble for her. Tibor used her to transport nerve gas from Scotland to Brazil. Malgosia was a musician and no one was going to search a trumpet case. After learning that he had used her only for fun Malgosia killed herself, having opened the case of nerve gas. What dramatic consequences! In my opinion, she shouldn’t have started relationships with Tibor again because she had known what kind of person he was. Malgosia’s story shows that people can do anything for love. What about Derek? He was a good and kind man. He didn’t understand how much Rachael loved him. Rachael was a woman with good manners. Dereks’s father told him that Malgosia wasn’t his type of women. If he had listened his father’s advice, then he wouldn’t be in troubles. I think sometimes people find love but they don’t realize that love can be nearby.

Marxist Theory of Crime: An Overview and Analysis

Marxist Theory of Crime: An Overview and Analysis What can a Marxist understanding of society contribute to criminological theory? Marxist understanding of the society sets the tone by giving an economic analysis of the society that sees a class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. This struggle contains the attempts by the proletariat to free themselves from the domination of the bourgeoisie as they seek to take over the means of production. As Chablis states, the capitalist society is where the means of production are in private hands and where the inevitably develops a division between the class that rules and the class that is ruled, it creates a substantial amount of crime (Chablis, 2016). Marxism is a conflict theory established to create a belief that the capitalist system is just a way in which the bourgeoisie control and exploit the proletariat. It underlines the unequal conflict between these two social classes in the society. Marxist understanding of the society provides an explanation or gives us the opportunity to understand the criminological theory from a different perspective. It perpetuates an understanding of how the significant gaps between the social classes are the prime reason for criminal acts, it explains this through the income gaps, the exploitation of profit through labour, using consumers as an instrument to the end profit. Chablis Crime diverts the lower classes attention from the exploitation they experience and directs it towards other members of their own class rather than towards the capitalist class or the economic system. (Chablis, 2016) this reinforces the whole idea of capitalism structured only to favour the bourgeoisie as the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. It also underlines how weve accepted being exploited as something natural and making ourselves wage slaves (i.e. slave to the market, low pay and precarious employment, to the petty tyranny of managers, to the crises of capitalism). This essay would address how the Marxist perspective comes into play in contributing to the criminological theory. The mode of production consists of both the means of production (the technological process) and the relationship of different classes to the means of production. The distinction between those who own and those who work for others is crucial. Often of the most violent sort, as a result,it emanate from the capitalist system. Chablis in his writing reinforces upon the prime Marxist factor in understanding the criminological theory Due to the division of class, conflicts awake and this manifests in rebellions and riots among the proletariats, the state, acting in interests of the owners of the means of production will pass laws designed to control, through the application of state-sanctioned force, those acts of the proletariat which threaten the interests of the bourgeoisie. This act is defined as criminal. (Chablis, 2016) The capitalist system is one which is subject to the crisis, due to its structure and how it functions, Marx and Engel argue that capitalism brutalises the poor, it f osters immorality and creates a higher likelihood for people to want to commit a crime. This can be supported from Mertons idea of the strain theory; he explains this theory using the idea of the American Dream. In this, he illustrates how the end goal, is to achieve the American dream, however, those who cant achieve this dream through legal means become delinquent in an attempt to achieve their goal in one way or the other. The structure of capitalism creates both the desire to consume and for a large mass of people. For those with the inability to earn the money necessary to purchase the items, they have been taught to want means they become delinquent. On this note, Marx would say, capitalism functions on this factors, without people being delinquent, capitalism cannot function as it thrives on poverty, unemployment and crime. Marx would also further on say, the bourgeoisies power to create and make law is what provides power, work and ability to control and bend the rules in th eir favour. As also argued by Chablis, The criminal law is not a reflection of custom but is a set of rules laid down by the state in the interests of the ruling class. Due to class structure, criminal behaviour is now inevitable. Criminal behaviour is a product of the economic and political system in a capitalist society. (Chablis, 2016) Criminality is simply not something that people have or dont have, crime is not something some people do and some dont. Crime is a matter of who can pin the label on whom and underlie this socio-political process is the structure of social relations determined by the political economy.so therefore, Marxist understanding of society contributes in making us understanding the criminological theory but illustrating how the apparent significant social gap amongst class contributes to the criminological theory. The starting point for the understanding of society is the realisation that the most fundamental feature of peoples lives is their relationship to the mode of production. Willem Bonger view on the criminological theory underlines that capitalism is a culture of egoism, greed, the rich legitimately but also criminally greedy, the poor illegitimately greedy. He illustrated how the criminal justice system permits the selfish greed of the rich but criminalises that of the poor. This shows that the system significantly favours one social class and on the other hand significantly criminalises the other. The war or fight against crime is one which cant be won. The criminal justice system doesnt help but rather create a system of policing and punishment which reproduces the problem of crime which causes re-offenders to re-offend. Marxist understanding of the society creates a premise that there is a causal system in play. The proletariat is constantly in the struggle of overthrowing the bour geoisie to create a utopian society ruled by all people. The constant attempt of the proletariat in overthrowing the bourgeoisie means it gets defined as a crime and therefore the proletariats are classed as criminals. This is as a result of the bourgeoisie actively working to set laws in place that oppress the proletariat by creating crimes that target the proletariat or put in place systems such as unemployment equals prison. As once the consumer cant consume at will, they become delinquent. So, therefore, Marxist understanding of society contributes to criminological theory in illustrating how the social gaps cause a causal effect where the bourgeoisie uses their power in making the proletariat delinquent. Marxist understanding of the society on criminological theory poses the notion that crime is an ideological construct as they do not refer to those behaviours which objectively cause harm, injury and suffering. Marxist understanding denotes that the capitalist structure creates a state of illusion. In this, he explains how the bourgeoisie uses their control to keep the masses ignorant of their exploitation. These results in the isolation of the worker from the process of production, the lack of control over work mean that the person identifies themselves as a machine and therefore work appears alien. The difference class system gap leaves the proletariat oppressed, with no power whatsoever to alleviate their situation. This then brings into light the whole idea of ideological control through the use of media in portraying an image of something which isnt necessarily the case. This, of course, depicts a false illusion and creates a society where people are unsure of their identity or in fact living a fake identity in and within their societies. This essentially means the proletariat are being set up to fail by the bourgeoisie and punished by the legal system when they do fail. As Greenberg states there must be something rotten in the very core of a social system which increases its wealth without diminishing its misery, (Greenberg, 1993; 54) Marxists understanding also believe that when it comes to crime, governments fabricate information to suit their purposes and to get public backing for any action taken by that government that might be construed as trespassing on freedoms. Marx himself also recognises that we can observe in recent times that the continuous repetition of mass incarceration has turned into an economic attempt. It creates jobs (in the legal profession and in law enforcement) and it creates new technologies (e.g., electronic tags). Furthermore, the existence of criminals might foster the feeling of societal cohesion among the law-abiding and amo ng those who appear to be law-abiding. Law enforcement agency discretion in making arrests, prosecuting attorney discretion in refusing to take legal action; dropping or reducing charges or going ahead with the prosecution, judges discretion in setting sentences and discretion in releasing criminals from custody, all operates to the advantage of the bourgeoisie. The right to a lawyer benefited those who could afford such superior legal representation more than it benefited others. Significantly, Marxian criminologists began to see these discriminations not as an unfortunate product of prejudice on the part of isolated individuals, but rather as a reproduction of the inequalities in power that follow from the inequalities of the bourgeoisie. On the other hand, Marxist understanding also gave room for some questioning. The major problem with Marxist understanding makes an attempt to apply actions to people which are only applicable to a small minority. In addition to, the assumption or the conclusion that every form of crime that happens or occurs is due to the economic class struggle is tough to sustain. We must not dismiss the fact that Marxist understanding of the society doesnt contribute to the criminological theory today but it is plausible to say such views are invalid in todays society as Marxist understanding of the society was an explanation for the situations paying at hand in the 19th century but we are in a different era now. So, therefore, his understanding of the society is slowly becoming irrelevant. This is plausible and fair to say because we now live in a society where most people have undergone considerable improvements in their standard of living and we live in a society, where people are not trying t o overthrow the bourgeoisie and the bourgeoisie arent in control of manipulating the criminal justice system as unlike before, most politicians, corporate companies, the rich, the enforcer of the law are being held accountable for any deviant actions and not rather just the proletariat being criminalised. So, therefore, it is fair to say the system now holds everyone accountable. In addition to, functionalist criminology would attribute more to flawed socialisation and see crime as a necessary element of the society to help bring about a collective change but also to support the combined conscience of the people. Marxism ignores the process involved with the criminal system. For example, Becker and Edwin Lemert focus on labelling theory to identify how and why people are identified, labelled delinquent and criminalised. Many fundamentalists such as Oakley argues more in common with a Marxist understanding of the society but with an emphasis on patriarchy rather than capitalism. This , therefore, shows that there are some loopholes for criticism in Marxist understanding of the society in contributing to criminological theory. However, one notion still stands firm and plausible, the gap between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is one which is still apparent as the rich gets richer and the poor get poorer. To conclude, Marxist understanding of the society supporting contribution to criminological theory outlines the facts that crime occurs due to the class gaps amongst the proletariat and bourgeoisie, Marx also further goes to elaborate that the class gaps creates an effect where the bourgeoisie are in charge of the criminal justice system and therefore are capable of bending and making the law. This in facts put power only in the hands of the bourgeoisie and therefore makes the whole process undemocratic. Due to this, this creates and an economic gap where the poor are exploited of their services as the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. This understanding illustrates that capitalism only thrive and survive on this factor, Marx explain this through the whole concept of the proletariat being sold a reality that they cant afford and therefore are paid lower wages and in order to reach this goal, they either become delinquent or work harder and get exploited. The crimes of the rich are unaccounted for as they are in control of the law and the bourgeoisie ability to define law means they decide who a criminal is and what makes a criminal. Marx also touches upon the idea that crime is an ideological construct created by the capitalist system to create a state of illusion and as a result, he endorsed or highlights a revolution and such notion against the bourgeoisie would be considered an act of crime. Although briefly highlighted,, there are some loopholes in Marxist understanding of the society, it is plausible to conclude that Marxist understanding has helped put things into perspective in understanding the criminological theory as the social class and economic class gap amongst the rich and the poor, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is still an issue that needs addressing in todays society. Bibliography Chambliss, W. (1975) Towards a Political Economy of Crime, Extract reprinted in J. Muncie et al (eds.)(1996) Criminological Perspectives: A Reader, London: Sage pg. 249-255 Bonger, W. (1916) Criminality and Economic Conditions (excerpt), in J. Muncie et al (eds.) (1996) Criminological Perspectives: A Reader, London: Sage. Scraton, P. (1987)(ed.) Law, Order and the Authoritarian State: Readings in Critical Criminology, Buckingham: Open University Pres. GREENBERG, D. (Ed.). (1993). Crime and Capitalism: Readings in Marxist Criminology. Temple University Press. Pg.54 Howard Becker (1973). Outsiders: studies in the sociology of crime and deviance. New York: New York free press. 1-18. Lemert, E. (1951) Social Pathology. New York: McGraw-Hill Lynch, M. J., Groves, W. B. (1986). A primer in radical criminology. Harrow and Heston. Sims, B. A. (1997). Crime, punishment and the American dream: Toward a Marxist integration. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 34(1), 5-24. doi:10.1177/0022427897034001002 Sparks, R. F. (1980). A critique of Marxist criminology. Crime and justice, 2, 159-210. Margaret E. Reid. (2008). A feminist sociological imagination. Reading Ann Oakley. 5 (1), 84-91. Akers, R. L., Sellers, C. S. (2009). Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and Application. (5th Ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.