Geography of Southeast Asia

Mark is a significant part of any record or understanding between two gatherings. Just manually written marks are legitimate for authoritative reports. The advanced world is presently doing part of recommendations and understandings through PCs and web. So as to use in the online reports, technologists has built up another mark strategy called computerized signature. This paper analyzes the innovation, legitimacy and dependability of computerized marks Introduction Digital mark is an electronic mark which is utilized to distinguish the legitimacy of a document.With the assistance of advanced mark one can confirm that the message he got is unique and unaltered. It's not possible for anyone to dismiss the parenthood of a message on the off chance that it is marked carefully. Advanced mark is a procedure which includes an encryption and decoding of information. The individual who sends the message will scramble the message which can be unscramble just by the recipient. â€Å"A computer ized mark is a â€Å"stamp† places on the information which is interesting to someone, and is hard to forge.In expansion, the mark guarantees that any progressions made to the information that has been marked can't go undetected. † (David Youd) Digital marks 3 Digital mark †Technology â€Å"After making a record, utilizing exceptional programming one can acquire a message hash (scientific outline) of the message. At that point utilizing a private key acquired from an open private key position, the message is been hashed. This encoded hash is the computerized mark of the message.The beneficiary of the message makes a hash of the got message to guarantee the legitimacy of the message. He will at that point utilize the open key gave by the sender to unscramble the message hash. On the off chance that the hashes coordinated, at that point the got message is legitimate. † (Digital mark) Legality of Digital mark Many nations like, US, European Union, and Australia have affirmed computerized marks legitimately simply like other transcribed mark archives. The greater part of the internet business exercises are utilizing computerized marks to verify the documants.â€Å"Stimulated by the advancement of the American Bar Association Digital Signature Guidelines, electronic mark enactment started with the Utah Digital Signature Act, which was established in 1995 and concentrated exclusively on issues raised by cryptography-based advanced marks. Before long, enactment was presented in a few other states† (Thomas J. Smedinghoff and Ruth Hill Bro) Digital marks 4 Issues and worries of computerized marks Like the greater part of the other secure archives have endured by the interruption of programmers, advanced mark innovation is likewise under the consistent dangers from the e-frauds.â€Å"How do you confirm the real assent and authority of an individual identifying with these new electronically-marked exchanges, or realize that the electronic mark wasn't taken from a PC by some inside or outside substance? † (Lauren Weinstein) Conclusion Digital marks are widely utilized in online business exercises. It is lawfully endorsed in numerous nations simply like the manually written marks. Like a large portion of the other secure records in web, the computerized marks are likewise under danger from interlopers or programmers.

Rubber and Alternatives essays

Elastic and Alternatives expositions A forebearer to the elastic business has been in presence since 1876 when an Englishman, Henry Wickham, came back to England from Brazil with elastic tree seeds he had accumulated for germination. In any case, societys utilization of elastic originates before that presence by very nearly 3500 years. The MesoAmericans were known to have utilized the latex delivered by the elastic tree for an assortment of purposes, including the creation of elastic balls that they would use for games and amusement. As of now, obviously, the elastic business makes a wide assortment of items for which elastic is fused. The elastic business not just keeps on utilizing the latex created by the elastic plant to deliver such items, however it has additionally had the option to add polymer mixes to improve that creation. The utilization of polymer mixes is a viable strategy for changing the exhibition of polymer materials and is generally utilized in designing plastics, elastic and fiber materials (Chiu, Tsai, 2006, p. 89). Adding polymers to the elastic gives a much progressively strong item and upgrades the ease of use of characteristic elastic (NR) when contrasted with the polybutadiene characterization of elastic (BR). Regular elastic is delegated elastic that is gotten from characteristic fixings, while polybutadiene elastic is named containing added substances to upgrade certain characteristics. Chius investigation of the contrasts between the two arrangements of elastic gives proof that Natural rubber...has certain favorable circumstances, for example, adaptability however a similar report shows that a portion of its properties miss the mark in specific applications, for example, oil opposition, air porousness, ozone obstruction, pressure set and warm maturing obstruction (Chiu, p. 89). BR can be named one of various engineered rubbers. There are various reasons why the elastic business has thought that it was important to build up these options in contrast to utilizing regular elastic. Those re... <!

Diabetes and Nutrition Free Essays

Diabetes mellitus is a nonstop issue of sugar and lipid digestion in which blood levels of glucose and lipids are raised. This anomalous digestion results from an overall absence of insulin, either too little insulin is emitted or the insulin that is discharged isn't viable. What's more, diabetes is related with incessant foundational entanglements, which, after some time, can influence the retina, kidneys, nerves, and cardiovascular framework. We will compose a custom paper test on Diabetes and Nutrition or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The most widely recognized orders of diabetes mellitus incorporate sort I, or insulin-subordinate, diabetes mellitus (IDDM); type II, non-insulin-subordinate diabetes mellitus (NIDDM); and gestational diabetes (GD). How it is Developed The issues of diabetes start in an organ situated behind the stomach about the length of a human hand called the pancreas. The pancreas is fundamental for both processing food and managing vitality. It is the guideline of vitality for the body that is significant in the advancement of diabetes. The pancreas produces hormones that process food. These hormones manage the utilization of glucose, a basic sugar, which is utilized for the greater part of the exercises in our bodies. The pancreas directs vitality in an assortment of practices in which people connect, for example, exercise and development, reacting to injury and stress, and diseases. The pancreas emanates three unique kinds of hormones. Insulin is the principal hormone that is created when glucose ascends in the blood. Insulin for the most part ascends in the wake of eating a dinner, and abundance glucose that isn't utilized is animated by insulin to be put away in muscles and fat cells with the goal that vitality can be utilized later. The liver likewise stores abundance glucose as a sugar called glycogen. The second kind of pancreatic hormone is glucagon. Glucagon separates glycogen put away in the liver with the goal that it very well may be utilized as vitality when blood glucose supplies are down. The third sort of pancreatic hormone is called somatostatin, thought to be significant in managing both insulin and glucagon. At the point when diabetes creates, this decent control framework doesn't work appropriately. The glucose in the circulatory system increments, and the cells can't use it. The individual creates hyperglycemia (overabundance glucose in the blood). This can be distinguished by estimating the glucose in the blood from a blood test, or if the glucose is sufficiently raised, it tends to be identified in the pee as overflow. This kind of circumstance happens when there isn't sufficient insulin to allow the cells to use the glucose, or there is opposition in all probability at the cell level to the nearness of insulin. The two cases produce diabetes. Indications of Diabetes A portion of the indications of Diabetes Mellitus are expanded thirst, expanded pee, weight reduction despite the fact that the individual is eating more, weariness, sickness, and heaving, skin contaminations, vaginitis, obscured vision, bladder diseases, and weakness in men and discontinuance of menses in ladies. One extreme side effect of diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis. This side effect now and then creates somewhat sweet-smelling breath that is brought about by CH3)2CO, a metabolic side-effect, when the body is compelled to consume unsaturated fats instead of glucose. This procedure turns out to be increasingly more poisonous to the body as it proceeds; the individual may create diabetic unconsciousness and bite the dust. Ketoacidosis happens when people are either not getting enough insulin or the insulin isn't satisfactory to permit cells of the body to use the glucose. Impacts of Diabetes Diabetes has two sorts of long haul impacts. One sort is related with vein contribution. Harm to the enormous vessels puts the diabetic at more serious danger of stroke, cardiovascular failure, and gangrene of the feet. At the point when little veins are harmed, eyes, kidneys, and nerves become harmed. The other long haul impact is nerve harm as a rule in the feet, yet in addition once in a while in the hands. This nerve harm is called diabetic neuropathy. This harm may create an agonizing consuming uproar with loss of sensation after some time, making the body part progressively subject to injury and disease. Foot ulcers and gangrene can create, with further harm in the limits. In men, diabetic neuropathy may cause erectile weakness. Nourishment for Diabetes Counsel with a dietitian acquainted with kids and with type 2 diabetes is significant for all patients. The dietitian ought to evaluate the healthful status and practices of the patient and afterward counsel them to give a feast plan which, in any event at first, doesn't go astray in a significant route from their standard eating rehearses. Changes made steadily, through resulting arrangements and meetings, much of the time accomplish consistence more effectively than does radical and fast change. People giving directing must be clear about the distinctions in the administration of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Since stoutness is a common finding in type 2 diabetes and caloric limitation brings about improved glycemic control and insulin affectability, unobtrusive caloric limitation and weight reduction or upkeep are significant objectives: so is adjustment of the dyslipidemia, which much of the time goes with the metabolic condition or IRS. As a rule, calories from dietary fat ought not surpass 30% of vitality admission, and calories from soaked fat ought not surpass 10%. An exertion is additionally made to constrain cholesterol in the eating regimen to 300 mg/day, and 200 mg/day if hypercholesterolemia is available. Monounsaturated fats can be expanded to up to 15-20% of all out calories and may effectsly affect triglycerides and high-thickness lipoprotein (HDL). Protein should represent 15-20% of all out calories. The rest of calories is comprised of sugar. Dietary guidance for individuals with diabetes has changed over ongoing years. Old routine guidelines requested that all staples were gauged and their vitality content determined by standard tables. Everything was relegated a particular worth, and patients were required truly to gauge every constituent of each feast. This style of numerical measurement has now been loose with the acknowledgment that it is difficult to evaluate each factor in what is currently considered as a way of life malady, and that, a long way from helping patients, the methodology was itself a significant reason for trouble that obstructed consistence. The attention presently is on instruction, incorporating clinical counsel inside the patient’s existing way of life instead of endeavoring to override it. What wellbeing experts signify is that since the goal is to ‘live an ordinary life’ patients ought not become over-fixated and not be barred from uncommon event nourishments, for example, at weddings and birthday celebrations. A treat for patients, in any case, is frequently the customary, ongoing tonic that they use as a concentration in their everyday lives. It is enticing to imagine that for diabetics it is on the grounds that specific nourishments ought to be wiped out that they are wanted. In any case, many express that sweet nourishments, for example, candy parlors and cakes, were viewed as close to home rewards even before analysis. These exceptional nourishments are characterized not exclusively by their pleasantness, yet in mix with their place in people’s eats less as additional items: but rather fulfilling hunger giving erotic delight at specific occasions in every day schedules. This prize measurement is completely joined into the rhythms of their lives, providing markers between times of work, for example, early in the day breaks or evening snacks. That it is decisively these which are prohibited is deciphered as conviction certifying; treats consistently were viewed as offenses from work, and the clinical exhortation got from the diabetes just affirms their status. At the point when squeezed, patients concede that they know the counsel doesn't generally approve ordinary offenses. However, leaving the message adequately unchallenged serves to exonerate them ethically. In the early years after the revelation of the illness, there was sugar limitation, at that point an expansion in starches and decrease in fat admission. Presently the American Diabetes Association prescribes 10% to 20% protein in the eating regimen yet no particular restrictions on sugars and fats. An individualized dietary arrangement is suggested, remembering incidental guilty pleasures for limited quantities of sucrose. The impacts of medications on glucose must be given genuine thought in the administration of diabetes in light of the fact that various drugs generally utilized for older folks influence glucose in antagonistic manners. The likelihood of creating diabetes increments in the event that somebody eats numerous nourishments that have a high glycemic list score-food sources that rapidly increment glucose levels, for instance pop, dessert, and chocolate cake. Consequently it shouldn’t be astounding that eating in the contrary way, that is, eating nourishments that don’t rapidly increment glucose levels-high-fiber nourishments, for example, beans, entire wheat bread, and oranges-may help standardize glucose levels and control diabetes. Late discoveries demonstrate that individuals who eat bunches of fiber are less inclined to have put on weight or to have strange insulin levels 10 years after the fact. So eating bunches of fiber may assist with forestalling or control diabetes. Individuals who see themselves as for the most part ready to achieve their objectives are generally effective at controlling what they eat in order to live sensibly well with diabetes. End Most of patients neglect to keep inside the ideal scope of glucose levels, and in spite of the fact that prescription can without much of a stretch be modified, the eating routine is the main thing to go under examination. Along these lines, food, the methods for progress quickly comes to serve additionally as a methods for representing blame and disappointment. Its double capacity is valuable along these lines to both expert and patient, since it gives a typical site on which both can center, refining the immense scope of conceivable way of life factors into clear components that can be followed up on. Reference Hiser, Elizabeth N. (2002). The

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purchase custom UNK paper Theoretical It is of foremost significance, to spare your work in any product application. It great to prepare yourself to spare work frequently in light of the fact that a PC or server may crash and it can't tell you that it will do as such. Information reinforcement is of foremost significance. Crucial records are incidentally erased constantly. Basic information can get degenerate. Cataclysmic events may demolish your office. Sponsored with a solid reinforcement and recuperation plan, you can improve from any of these. Without one, you are left with nothing, however a bombed framework and lost information. Shutting a File, Exit Files or Applications Shutting a document After you spare the document appropriately, you can either pick to close the record and leave the application window open. Shutting a record from the enu chooses File, at that point Close or the X button on the upper right corner of the window. Leaving the Application You can decide to leave the application as well. Leaving the application, from the menu select File, at that point Exit or use X button at the upper right of the title bar of the window (eHow, 2009). Reinforcement, File Synchronization, Restore Point, and Recovery Disk Reinforcement Reinforcement, is replicating of documents, to a second medium for example a diskette, compressed drive, or tape as a security measure on the off chance that the primary medium falls flat. You can back up records either utilizing working framework orders, and particular reason reinforcement utilities. Pack information to spare space and cost (Radiant correspondences, 2011). Document Synchronization Document Synchronization, is the procedure to guarantee envelopes put away in at least two separate areas, contain the equivalent refreshed records. On the off chance that you erase, update, or include a document from one area, the synchronization procedure will erase, update, or include a similar record at the other area. Reestablish Point Reestablish point, is fundamentally a past condition of a working framework, before you experienced an extreme framework issue. It is essentially in a PC hard drive. Recuperation Disk Recuperation circle is a media containing a reinforcement of the first processing plant arrangement, or supported state of a PC as designed by a unique PC producer or an end-client (Radiant correspondences, 2011). Purchase custom UNK exposition

Disorders and Diseases of the Thyroid Research Paper

Clutters and Diseases of the Thyroid - Research Paper Example Presentation In proof based practice, simply after the issue is comprehended and looked into can clinical experts express a present best technique for treatment. In this sort of clinical practice, clinical experts depend on bleeding edge explore results to settle on treatment choices, as opposed to on the more seasoned strategy for accepting that convention and authority constantly held the correct responses for a patient. The best patient consideration is perceived to be a mix of the ebb and flow substantial clinical research, a professional's own encounter and instruction, and the circumstance of an individual patient (Fineout-Overholt, Stillwell, Williamson, Cox, and Robbins, 2010). Applied to the zone of thyroid brokenness, proof based and best practice rules could mean perceiving the impact of a particular patient's way of life on their body's wellbeing so as to differentiate between straightforward corpulence and a discouraged thyroid, for instance, and staying aware of the mos t present writing on which kinds of thyroid hormones are viewed as best (Maas, 2007). Since by certain appraisals, as much as five percent of the general female populace and more than twenty-five percent of the whole populace beyond seventy five years old experiences some type of thyroid sickness, it is indispensably significant that the clinical network comprehend these issues as they identify with thyroid brokenness (Maas, 2007; Mulryan, 2010). A few sorts of thyroid brokenness bring about the over-creation of metabolic hormones. This over-creation brings about a condition known as hyperthyroidism (Mulryan, 2010). Hyperthyroidism is most regularly found in ladies until the age of sixty-five or seventy-five, so, all in all, as in found in thyroid ailment no matter how you look at it, the occurrence extraordinarily increments and turns out to be similarly likely between the genders (Gutierrez, 2008). As would be normal from an organ whose intention is to manage the body's digestion, hyperthyroidism prompts a seriously expanded basal metabolic rate. The overactive thyroid can create as much as five to multiple times the typical measure of thyroid hormones and can bring about a heap of unfavorable consequences for the remainder of the body. This expansion in discharge is accomplished through an expansion in the size and an accessible cell framework of the thyroid organ, such huge numbers of more cells can live inside the organ, just as through an expansion in the emission of the hormone by the individual thyroid cells (Hall, 2011). By and large, this condition is incited by an immediate disease inside or harm to the thyroid organ itself, however it can likewise happen once in a while as an auxiliary issue when there is a brokenness in the pituitary or nerve center organs (McCance, Huether, Brashers, and Rore, 2010). The most widely recognized illnesses that lead to either the essential or optional brokenness of the organs are auto-safe ailments, while a few reas ons for reversible essential harm to the thyroid itself are an iodine insufficiency in the eating regimen or viral disease of the thyroid (Mulryan, 2010).â

Identity vs. Role Confusion in Eriksons Theory

Identity vs. Role Confusion in Eriksons Theory Theories Psychosocial Psychology Print Identity vs. Role Confusion in Psychosocial Stage 5 By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on December 07, 2019 Psychosocial Development Overview Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair Identity versus confusion is the fifth stage of ego according to psychologist  Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during adolescence between the ages of approximately 12 and 18. During this stage, adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self. Verywell / Nusha Ashjaee According to Erikson,  people progress through a series of stages as they grow and change throughout life. During each stage, people face a developmental conflict that must be resolved to successfully develop the primary virtue of that stage. He was  interested in how social interaction and relationships affect  development and growth. Overview Psychosocial Conflict: Identity Versus ConfusionMajor Question: Who am I?Basic Virtue: FidelityImportant Event(s): Social Relationships What Is Ego Identity? One of the main elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory is the development of  ego identity. It is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction, which is  constantly changing due to new experiences and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others.   During the identity versus confusion stage, the conflict is centered on developing a personal identity. Successfully completing this stage leads to a strong sense of self that will remain throughout life. As they transition from childhood to adulthood, teens may begin to feel confused or insecure about themselves and how they fit into society. As they seek to establish a sense of self, teens may experiment with different roles, activities, and behaviors. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life. Development During the Adolescent Years Teen behavior often seems unpredictable and impulsive, but all of this is part of the process of finding a sense of personal identity. Parents and family members continue to exert an influence on how teens feel about themselves, but outside forces also become particularly important during this time. Friends, social groups, schoolmates, societal trends, and even popular culture all play a role in shaping and forming an identity. Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will remain insecure and confused about themselves and the future. Resolving the crisis at this stage of development involves committing to a particular identity. This might involve committing to a career path, deciding what social groups to associate with and even developing a sense of personal style. Those who are successful develop fidelity, a psychological virtue characterized by the ability to relate to others and form genuine relationships.?? This ability plays an important role in the upcoming stage known as intimacy versus isolation. So, what happens to those who do not end up successfully forming an identity at this point in development? Kids who are not allowed to explore and test out different identities might be left with what Erikson referred to as role confusion. These individuals are not sure who they are or what they like. They tend to drift from one job or relationship to another, never really sure what they want to do with their lives. Instead of feeling a sense of personal cohesiveness, they are left feeling disappointed and confused about their place in life.

Longitudinal Course and Impact of Insomnia Symptoms - 1100 Words

Longitudinal Course and Impact of Insomnia Symptoms in Adolescents with and without Chronic Pai (Research Paper Sample) Content: Article Summary: Longitudinal Course and Impact of InsomniaSymptoms in Adolescents with and without Chronic PainNameUniversityProfessorDate of Submission Article Summary: Longitudinal Course and Impact of InsomniaSymptoms in Adolescents with and without Chronic PainIntroductionIn the article in question, the researchers were seeking to evaluate insomnia symptoms in adolescents who experienced chronic pains and those without such pain. The researchers further sought to establish the associated psychological and behavioural risk factor of insomnia, as an indicator of quality of life through a certain time period ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "abstract" : "This study aimed to 1) examine trajectories of insomnia symptoms in adolescents with chronic pain compared to their healthy peers; 2) evaluate psychological and behavioral risk factors for longitudinal insomnia symptoms; and 3) evaluate insomnia as a predictor of quality of life, activity limitations, and healthcare utilization over 12 months. Participants included 61 adolescents with chronic pain and 60 youths without chronic pain (12\u201318 years; 72% female). Questionnaires were completed at enrollment, 6 months, and 12 months and assessed pain intensity, insomnia symptoms, sleep hygiene, presleep arousal, depression, pubertal status, activity limitations, quality of life, and healthcare utilization. Insomnia symptoms persisted for both groups and remained higher at all time points for youths with chronic pain. Generalized estimating equations modeling identified 3 risk factors for longitudinal insomnia symptoms: having chronic pain, poorer sleep hygiene, and higher depressive symptoms. Insomnia symptoms also predicted poorer quality of life over time and were associated with more frequent healthcare utilization. Findings suggest that sleep problems are persistent and associated with negative impact for youths with chronic pain. Treatment of ins omnia symptoms in youths with chronic pain may lead to improvements in quality of life and reductions in healthcare costs. Perspective: Insomnia symptoms are persistent over a 12-month period and are associated with negative impact for youths with chronic pain. These findings suggest that treatment of insomnia symptoms in youths with chronic pain may lead to improvements in quality of life and reductions in healthcare costs.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Palermo", "given" : "Tonya M.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Law", "given" : "Emily", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Churchill", "given" : "Shervin S.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Walker", "given" : "Amy", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "The Journal of Pain", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "11", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "page" : "1099-1106", "title" : "Longitudinal Course and Impact of Insomnia Symptoms in Adolescents With and Without Chronic Pain", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "13" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=35b0225d-1915-4abc-b391-1c8316d85324" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Palermo, Law, Churchill, Walker, 2012)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Palermo et al., 2012). The hypothesis pointed towards chronic pain resulting in insomnia among the many adolescents who experienced these pains. A comorbid association between chronic pains and insomnia was also believed to be fundamental in determining the quality of life for the individuals suffering from the condition.Previous research indicated a close association between chronic pa in the occurrence of insomnia among youths. The researcher believed there could be a comorbid association which resulted in adverse behavioural and psychological effects upon the individuals suffering from the condition ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "abstract" : "This study aimed to 1) examine trajectories of insomnia symptoms in adolescents with chronic pain compared to their healthy peers; 2) evaluate psychological and behavioral risk factors for longitudinal insomnia symptoms; and 3) evaluate insomnia as a predictor of quality of life, activity limitations, and healthcare utilization over 12 months. Participants included 61 adolescents with chronic pain and 60 youths without chronic pain (12\u201318 years; 72% female). Questionnaires were completed at enrollment, 6 months, and 12 months and assessed pain intensity, insomnia symptoms, sleep hygiene, presleep arousal, depression, pubertal status, activity limitations, quality of life, a nd healthcare utilization. Insomnia symptoms persisted for both groups and remained higher at all time points for youths with chronic pain. Generalized estimating equations modeling identified 3 risk factors for longitudinal insomnia symptoms: having chronic pain, poorer sleep hygiene, and higher depressive symptoms. Insomnia symptoms also predicted poorer quality of life over time and were associated with more frequent healthcare utilization. Findings suggest that sleep problems are persistent and associated with negative impact for youths with chronic pain. Treatment of insomnia symptoms in youths with chronic pain may lead to improvements in quality of life and reductions in healthcare costs. Perspective: Insomnia symptoms are persistent over a 12-month period and are associated with negative impact for youths with chronic pain. These findings suggest that treatment of insomnia symptoms in youths with chronic pain may lead to improvements in quality of life and reductions in heal thcare costs.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Palermo", "given" : "Tonya M.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Law", "given" : "Emily", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Churchill", "given" : "Shervin S.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Walker", "given" : "Amy", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "The Journal of Pain", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "11", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "page" : "1099-1106", "title" : "Longitudinal Course and Impact of Insomnia Symptoms in Adolescents With and Without Chronic Pain", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "13" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=35b0225d-1915-4abc-b391-1c8316d85324" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormat tedCitation" : "(Palermo et al., 2012)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Palermo et al., 2012). Depression as a symptom has been utilised in predicting occurrence of insomnia among adolescents. This psychological factor can be observed through the behaviours displayed by individuals suffering from insomnia. Other factors that have been associated with the development of sleeping problems include moods, sleeping habits and behaviours with regard to adolescents. Most of the other research focused on the behavioural and psychological factors, which were associated with the presence of insomnia among adolescents.ParticipantsThe participants in the context of this research included individuals who had been diagnosed with chronic pains and other adolescents without such problems. The participants with chronic pains were recruited from a paediatric clinic at an academic medical centre in t he Northwest. The recruitment was either done through written letters to the participants, or through one on one contact with the participants at the clinic. Inclusion included people aged between 12-18, with constant pain for the last three months and who could understand English fluently ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "abstract" : "This study aimed to 1) examine trajectories of insomnia symptoms in adolescents with chronic pain compared to their healthy peers; 2) evaluate psychological and behavioral risk factors for longitudinal insomnia symptoms; and 3) evaluate insomnia as a predictor of quality of life, activity limitations, and healthcare utilization over 12 months. Participants included 61 adolescents with chronic pain and 60 youths without chronic pain (12\u201318 years; 72% female). Questionnaires were completed at enrollment, 6 months, and 12 months and assessed pain intensity, insomnia symptoms, sleep hygiene, presleep arousal , depression, pubertal status, activity limitations, quality of life, and healthcare utilization. Insomnia symptoms persisted for both groups and remained higher at all time points for youths with chronic pain. Generalized estimating equations modeling identified 3 risk factors for longitudinal insomnia symptoms: having chronic pain, poorer sleep hygiene, and higher depressive symptoms. Insomnia symptoms also predicted poorer quality of life over time and were associated with more frequent healthcare utilization. Findings suggest that sleep problems are persistent and associated with negative impact for youths with chronic pain. Treatment of insomnia symptoms in youths with chronic pain may lead to improvements in quality of life and reductions in healthcare costs. Perspective: Insomnia symptoms are persistent over a 12-month period and are associated with negative impact for youths with chronic pain. These findings suggest that treatment of insomnia symptoms in youths with chro...

Domestic Violence in Marriage - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2636 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Domestic Violence Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT This report â€Å"Domestic Violence in Marriage† directs the attention of the readers towards the horrible reality which still haunts the modern era of advancement. Mainly, the focus of the study revolves around the causes, physiological and psychological consequences and areas of concern related to violence in marriage. The researcher justifies that financial, psychological, economical, emotional, educational and moral decrement are the main causes of daily abuse of married women by their dominant husbands. The researcher used the set of queries in the form of a questionnaire, well responded by the 40 married women from different backgrounds and professions. The methodology of random sampling was used by the researcher. With the help of the quantitative analyses, the researcher revealed that the maximum population of women has suffered and survived the misconduct by their husbands. Most of them never stood for their rights and very less percentage of these women attempted to escape. This study points out the main causes of violence and thus spreads awareness in women about their self-esteem, dignity, security and basic rights. In the next ten years, this research provides a background study for eradicating the evident causes of marital abuse in our society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Domestic Violence in Marriage" essay for you Create order Chapter 1 Introduction: In this world where everyone is accustomed with equal rights and freedom, substantial population still suffers from abuse and violence. Domestic Violence is a stencil of storming and coercive behaviorism including sexual, physical, economical, mental and physiological as well. In simple words, the violent act executed by a dominant person on a weak person is termed as violence. That dominant person may be an intimate partner or even the head of household. It is believed that domestic violence is purposeful crime which is committed to achieve compliance or control of the victim. Globally, maximum number of victims of domestic violence is women. In some countries, domestic abuse is justified and legally correct. 85% of women are abused by their intimate partner according to various studies which directs our attention mainly on domestic violence in marriage. In mid 1800s, the legal organizations believed that beating wife by her husband was a healthy exercise. In Pakistan, Domestic violence is one of the major public health problems and seems to be increasing with time. It was reported in 2009 by Human Rights that 30% to 40% of women have suffered some form of assault and violence. There are intrinsic and extrinsic factors both but the most common aspect of abuse against women is male dominance in family because the decision making authority is given to man and women consider themselves insecure without men. Other factors may include depression, possessiveness, unemployment and psychological issues, poverty, child marriages and increased unionization. In relationship, women cannot escape mainly because of their dependence or the fear of getting killed by their own partner as it was proved by the studies that 75% of women are murdered because they tried to breakout. Literature Review: Domestic violence in marriage 1.2a Introduction: Women have been the victim of violence especially in marriage from the prevenient age. The causes are variable inclusive of unemployment, possessiveness, insecurity, poverty, illiteracy, and psychological issues which lead to exploitation of women sexually, emotionally, economically, socially and physically. This is also observed in well-educated households. Domestic violence is among those horrible crimes which kill 5000 women each year. Moreover, The Medical Association in America reports that 2 million women are subjected to abuse by their partner each year around the globe. This literature review is based on the motives of the domestic violence in marriage extracted from the work of different authors.2 1.2b Livelihood and Wealth: Because of the traditional male dominance, there is a stress on husbands especially those with fewer resources. So, they see themselves as abortive human beings who cannot make the both ends meet, become violent and show aggressiveness towards their female partner. Studies show that the burden on male partner is amplified when the wife is not fruitful and economically non helpful. Women in such households cannot escape because they are dependent on their husband for everything, so they bear the consequences.[footnoteRef:2] The investigation has revealed that the higher beat levels of tension are directly associated with the domestic violence because of less or no resources. Males are subjected to the increasing competition for survival on a surpassing level than women in today’s world. The failure tends to make husbands more aggressive and directs them to raise their hand against their wives. 1.2c Social Economic Status: The studies reveal that the women who are socially and economically active are more exposed towards violence. When the socioeconomic interaction of women exceeds that of the male partner then they are vulnerable to abuse because their men find themselves threatened by the higher status of their wives. So, men find violence is the best control for such women. 1.2d History of Domestic violence: Research has shown that the denudation towards violence in childhood leads to growing up as an abusive adult who thinks abuse is normal is daily life.[footnoteRef:5] It is also observed that the children who have grownup seeing their mothers being beaten by their own fathers tend to become more violent to their wives after marriage.[footnoteRef:6] The reports also suggests that the adults who have witnessed assault of their mothers three times a day become abusive husbands. 1.2e Characteristics of Abusive Husband: Husbands are abusive when they have a dark background. They are more likely to beat and blowup their female partner because they are habitual of the violence. They are emotionally sick and psychologically weak and prove their power by raising hands on the non-dominant wife. 1.2f Lack of Education: The illiteracy rate is the one of main causes which bring disastrous results. The women who were less educated or unqualified experienced more violence than the educated women. The difference in education brings contrariness among husband and wife which leads to conflicts and men find it easier to just finish it by force of their dominance. Violence is also administered between the couples with equal qualification as both are educated and know the difference between right and wrong, the women still suffer from abuse and misconduct. 1.2g Unemployment: The rate of unemployment increases the characteristic of violence and abuse among men which increases the risk of depression and debasement. Unemployment is the major definitive which leads to domestic violence. If women are given a chance to go out and look for opportunities and get employed then those women are less likely to get beaten by their husbands. 1.2h Lack of Moral Values and Respect: Study shows that there is a need to inculcate moral values to men from their childhood so that they become not only good citizens but good husbands too. Those women get less subjected to abuse and perversion whose husbands respect them. Those husbands who appreciate the efforts of their women do not harm their wives. But more important point in that older women are more respected so they are safe from violence but young women are not. 1.2i Economic Independence: When a women who is a wife of someone is educated and well qualified, she earns for the house and becomes economically independent. She gets a sense of independence because there is lesser chance of male dominance now, but this freedom of women hurts the ego of men especially husbands and get abused by the same people for whom she burns midnight oil. 1.2k Early Age Marriages: Getting married at an early age of immaturity is another cause, which streaks women to violence by her partner. In the South Asian countries, women are considered to be a economical burden which needs to be set in order as early as possible. Even younger women are directed more towards violence than the older ones. 1.2k Domestic violence Statistics: Studies show that 1 in 4 women have gone through emotional abuse by their husband since the age of 15. Research also revealed that 40% of women continue to be exposed to vehemency from their intimate partners while separated. Intimate bestiality is the major cause of mental illness and even death of women aged 18 to 44. Children that have grown up observing domestic violence in home have poor mental and social skills. Chapter 2 Research Methodology This section will elaborate the methods that helped the researcher to collect and formulate the data for analysis and result of the report. In this era of freedom where human beings are given equal rights and justice, the dark gospel truth still exists which is alarming. Domestic Violence is exploitation or abuse by one dominant person against the minor or the violence in the home defined in the modern language. It can be verbal, physical, religious, emotional or sexual. All over, the victims of domestic violence are compellingly women. In mid 1800s, the legal organizations believed that beating wife by her husband was a healthy exercise. This type of violence is the most under rated crime globally for both the men and women and defined as range of sexually, emotionally, economically and physically violent acts between the intimate partners. Domestic violence can be against children and elderly too. Around the world specific forms of domestic violence against women include honor killings, forced marriages, choking, bride burning and dowry deaths. In Pakistan, domestic violence is a treacherous problem which has created physical and psychological distress among people. This is one of the most horrible crimes which kills 5000 women per year. Every second women in Pakistan suffers from at least one form of abuse which has a prolong negative effect on her well-being. Due to the religious form Pakistani society grasps, the women face discrimination and injustice. Domestic violence in Pakistan from the last two decades has received the attention by constant efforts of women right workers. There are intrinsic and extrinsic factors both but the most common aspect of abuse against women is male dominance in family because the decision making authority is given to man and women consider themselves insecure without men. Other factors may include depression, possessiveness, unemployment and psychological issues, poverty, child marriages and increased unionization. Violence against women has uncountable formations which include foot binding, genital mutilation, prostitution, femicide, sexual assault, rape and slavery. Women who gather all the courage and report against the violence suffer from severe challenges. Domestic violence is the major issue which is of great significance and must be highlighted because the impact that it has on victims can be life threatening and devastating. One can have mental disorders or even permanent denigration of body causing physical maladies. Women do not receive proper treatment of abuse because it is not considered a health matter in the culture of Pakistan. Women in abusive relationships are unable to escape due to the fear of being killed by the violator or even by her own family. Not only women but men around the world suffer from bestiality but are not considered for the reason that of fewer ratios as compared to women. A plan must be created against the curse of violence for the treatment of victims because not every human being is subjected to violence by his own will. Population of the Study The researcher selected women from different areas of concern, be it housewives or working ladies. Total population was 40 women, out of which, 10 were household maids, and rest were housewives and working women. The researcher selected the population randomly. Sample of the Study The researcher used the methodology of random sampling for the data collection. But exclusively married women from different occupations were selected to respond and take part in preceding the collection of data. Tool of Data Collection Questionnaire was used as the tool of data collection. The researcher used set of 12 questions, which interpreted the basic and evident reasons behind the increasing domestic violence in marriage. Chapter 3 Data Analysis and Interpretation This section covers the data interpretation collected through perusal reviews, surveys and questionnaire. Most of the information was collected from a set of queries which were well responded by married women from the different zones and professions either working or a housewife. The questionnaire was filled by women online and a great interest was shown by them. Following pie charts show the response which helped in formulating the reports further: Data Analysis Threatened to harm physically: When asked about this specific question, women were confident to answer it while some were confused and answered maybe instead of a accurate statement. 45% of women claimed that they were threatened to be harmed physically while 40% of them never experienced such intentions. Beats you: This was a direct question and women were chose to be beaten often while 33% of them were never molested or harmed by their husbands. Accused you of being unreliable: Most of the women did not remember of being accused while 33% of women are subjected to accusation. 28% of the women were never blamed of being unreliable. Behavior of Husband when Angry: Any pattern of behavior which disturbs the other mentally or physically is termed as violence. This question was a key to find out the behavior of husband when he is angry or stressed to which 52% of women claimed that their husbands shout on them while 31% of the population confessed of being slapped or even kicked. Your behavior when abused by husband: The behavior of the victim is very important which can either help him to get rid of that abuse performed or get weaker. This question led to the important aspect of the report in which maximum number of women answered that they take stress and cry late night. Less number of women admitted that they fight back and stand for their self-esteem. Escape from misconduct: One of the major and important question which led to the discovery of women escaping and bailing out of the abuse. Paramount population of married women answered that they cannot or did not even try to escape from the misconduct. This summons that women are dependent on their husbands and struggle hard to make their relationship continue by comprising. Conclusion It is achieved that large number of women still fight to run their married life no matter how many obstacles they have to pass. The reports shows that abusive behaviour is not only related to illiterate people but the most educated ones too. In this modern era of freedom and equality, women still suffer from the domestic violence in one way or the other even if they are educated, employed or independent. More Health Organizations should be established to ensure the safety of women. Recommendations For Abused Women The women who have gone through misconduct should have faith and believe in themselves. Women are not alone to bear dereliction and they should be eager to recognize the signs of abuse from the start of the marriage. They should talk to someone whom they trust; it can be friend or anyone except the abuser. Women should stand of their dignity and right, and if they cannot get rid of abusive relationship then there should be a plan to ensure their safety. For Abusers They should admit their coercive behavior and should feel guilty about it. Abuser must seek forgiveness from God for their ill actions. They should control their desires and nature in the best way that does not hurt their loved ones. Religious Health authorities must take a step to inculcate the moral values and ethics in the abuser’s mind and personality to raise the sense of responsibility and honor in them. For Readers Domestic abuse is a hidden crime but the people around the victim can play a critical role for fostering peace. The victim tends to show the gestures which should be understood by surrounding people, and sometimes the victim seeks for help when risk of violence increases. In a troubled situation, calling a hotline of violence shelter resources can reduce the extent.

The Centralization And Decentralization Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7365 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Centralization is the degree to which decision making takes place at upper levels of the organization. If top managers make key decisions with little input from below, then the organization is more centralized. On the other hand, the more that lower-level employees provide input or actually make decisions, the more decentralization there is. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Centralization And Decentralization Business Essay" essay for you Create order Keep in mind that centralization-decentralization is relative, not absolute-that is, an organization is never completely centralized or decentralized . Some of the factors that affect an organizations use of centralization or decentralization. More centralization More Decentralization Environment is stable Environment is complex, uncertain Lower-level managers are not as capable or experienced at making decisions as upper-level managers Lower-level managers are capable and experienced at making decisions. Lower-level managers do not want a say in decisions Lower-level managers want a voice in decisions Decisions are relatively minor Decisions are significant Organization is facing a crisis or the risk of company failure Corporate culture is open to allowing managers a say in what happens Company is large Company is geographically dispersed Effective implementation of company strategies depends on managers retaining say over what happens . Effective implementation of company strategies depends on mangers having involvement and flexibility to make decisions gfhvhgghghg Centraliztion and decentralization In some organizations, top managets make all the decisions. Lower- level managers merely carry out top managements directives. At the other extreme, there are organizations where decision making is pushed down to those managers who are clocest to the action.The former organizations are highly centralized; the latter are decentralized. The term centralization refers to the degree to which decision making in concentrated at a single point in the organization. The concept includes only formal authority, that is, the rights inherent in ones position, Typically, its said that if top management makes the organizations key decisions with little or no input from lower-level personnel, then the organization is centralixed. In contrast, the more that lower- level personnel provide input or are actually given the discretion to make decisions, the more decentralization there is. An organization characterized by centralization is an inherent different structural animal from one that is decentralized. In a decentralized organization, action can be taken more quickly to solve problems, more people provide input inti decisions, and employees are less likely to feel alienated from those who make the decisions that affect their work lives. Consistent with recent management efforts to make organizations more flexible and responsive, there has been a marked trend toward decentralizing decsicion making. In large companies, lower-level managers are closer to the action and typically have more detailed knowledge about problems than do top managers. Big retailers like Sears and JC Penney have given their store managers . Chain of command Twenty years ago chain-of command concept was a basic concerstone in the design of organizations.As youll see, it has far less importance today. But contempo rary managers shouls still consider its implications when they decide hoe best structure their organizations. The chain of command is an unbroken line or authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom. It answers questions for employees such as To whom do I go if i have a problem? and To whom am I responsible? We cant discuss the chain of command without discussing two complementary concepts;authority and unity of command. Authority refers to the right inherent in a managerial position to give orders and expect the orders to be obeyed. To facilitate coordination , each managerial position is given a place in the chain of command, and each manager is given a degree of authority in order to meet his or her responsibilities.The unity-of-command principle helps preserve the concept of an unbroken line of authority.It states that a person should have one and only one superior to whom he or she is directly responsible. If the unity of command is broken, a subordinate might have to cope with aonflicting demands or priorities from several superiors. Time change and so do the basic tenets of organizational design. the concepts of chain of command , authority, and unity of command have sustantially less relevance today because if advancements in computer technology and the trend toward empowering employees Corporate planning Peter Drucker defined corporate planning as The continuous process of making present risk-tasking decisions systematically and with the greatest knowledge of their futurity; organizing systematically the efforts needed to carry out these decisions, and easuring the results of these decisions against the expectations through organized, systematic feedback. Strategic plans Management plans Management plans Operational plans Operational plans Operational plans Operational plans Corporate plans The purpose of planning on a corporate bais is to de fine and clarify the goals of the organization as a whole. It involves making appraisals of the organizations major strengths and weaknesses, and considering the external opportunities and threats posed by the organizations environment. These will all affect which goals the organization will be able, realistically , to achieve. Corporate planning also involves transforming long-term strategies into sufficiently detailed medium- term and operational plans(which can be changed if necessary) to help to ebsure that the organizations overall objectives are achved. Why corporate planning is necessary A system of corporate planning, involving the coordination of plans for the entire business over a period of several years, is necessary for several reasons. The importance that the real objectives of an organization are identified cannot be emphasized enough, and that, these having been identified, the whole business works towards them using coordinated strategies. A business with d isparate goals will, at best, not perform as successfully as it could and, at worst, will tear itself apart. You can imagine the diffculties generated within conglomerates if organizations like Hanson did not have cohesive objectives The degree of competition for finte resources within as organization incraeses with the size of the organization, and this creates a need for central planning and control, rather than planning by individual departments or managers The ever-quickening pace of change means that organizations have to dapt and react to change corporately to survice, rather than on an individual departmental basis. Job Design An organization which has made a particular study of work design consists the following characteristics were crucial if a job is to satisfy human needs. A degree of autonomy Job Design Job design is the devision of an organizations work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfation and performance. There are two different approaches to job design, one traditional, one modern, that can be taken in deciding how to design jobs. The tradistional way is fitting people to jobs; the modern way is fitting jobs to people. Fittimg people to jobs is based on the assumption that people will gradually adapt o any work situation. Even so jobs must still be tailored so that nearly anyone can do them. This is the approach often taken with assembly-line jobs and jobs involving routine tasks. For managers the main challenge becomes How can we make the worker most compatible with the work? One technique is job simplifica tion, the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs. When a job is stripped down to its simplest elements, it enables a worker to focus on doing more of the same task, thus increasing employee efficiency and productivity. This may be especially useful, for insatnce, in designing jobs for mentally disadvantaged workers, such as those run by Goodwill Industries. However, research shows that simplified, repititive jobs lead to job dissatisfaction, poor mental health, and a low sense of accomplishment and personal growth. Fitting jobs to people Fitting jobs to people is based on the assumption that people are underutilized at work and that thay want more variety, challenges, and responsibility. This philosophy, an outgrowth of Herzbergs theory, is one of the reasons for the popularity of work teams in the United States. The main challenge for managers is How can we make the work most compatible with the worker so as to produce both high performance and high job satisfaction? Two techniques for this type of job design include Job enlargement and Job enrichment Job enlarement: Putting More variety into a job The opposite of job simplification, job enlargement consists of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation. For instance, the job installing television picture tubes could be enlarged to include installation of the circuit boards. Although proponents claim job enlargement can improve employee satisfaction, motivaion, amd quality or production, research suggests job enlarement by itself wont have a significant and lasting positive effect on job perfoeramce. After all, working at two borin tasks instead of one doesnt add up to a challenging a job. Instead, job enleragement is just one tool of many that should be considered in job design. Job esrichment: Putting More responsibility other Motivating Factors into a Job. Job enrichment is the practical application of Fedrick Herzbergs two f actor motivator-hygiene theory of job satisfaction. Specifically, job enrichment consists of building into a job Leadership styles The leadership styles can be calssified according to the philosophy of the leaders. What the leader does determines how well he leads. A style of leadership is a relatively enduring set of behaviors which is a characteristic of the individual, regardless of the situation Some of the styles are follows Autocratic or Dictatorial leadesship Participative or Democratic Leadership Laissez- faire or Free- reign Leadership The leadership style that is to be introduced be the Managing Director in thr organization is Participative or Democratic Leadership In this type of leadership, the subordinates are consulted and their feedback is taken into the decision making process. The leaders job is primarily of a modertor , even though he makes the final decesion and he alone is responsible fr the results. The management recognizes that the subordinates are equipped with talents and abilities and that they are capable of briging new ideas and new methodologies to work setting. Thus the group members are encouraged to demonstrate initiative and cretaivity and take inteligent interest in setting plans and policies and have maximum participation in decision making. This ensures better management- labor relations, igher morale and greaer jobs satisfaction. This type or leadership is specially effective when the workforce is experienced abd dedicated and is able to work independently with least directives, thereby developing a cimate which is conductive to growth and deelopment of the organization as well as the individual poersonality. The feasibility and usefullness of the participative decisions maning style is dependent on the following factors Since participative decision making process is time consuming, there should no urgency to that decision The cost of prticipation of subordinates in the decision making should not be more than the benefits derived from the decision. The input from the subordinates should be free from any fear of repercrussion in the case such inpit is in conflict with the views held by the management. The participation of subordinates should not be of such a degree as to be perceived as a threat to the formal authority of managemnt. Subordinates should be sufficiently responsible so that there is no leakega of confidential information to outside elements Participative style of decision making has several advantages. They are Active participation in the managerial operations by labour assures rising productivity and satusfaction. Workers develop a greater sense of self -esteem due to importance given to their ideas and their conntributions The employees become more comitted to changes that may be brought by policy changes , since they themselves partciipated in bringing about these changes The leadership induces confidence, cooperation and loyality among workers It results in higher employee morale It increases the partcipants understanding of each other which results in greatee tolerance and patience towards others. Question 1 Management definitions The classic definition is still held to the that of Henry Fayol His general statement about management is many ways still remains valid after 96 years, and has only been adapted by more recent writers, as shown below Definitions of Management Definition 1 To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize , to command, to coordinate and to control HENRY FAYOL (1961) Definition 2 Managements is the art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups KOONTZ and Managing is an operational process initially best dissected by analyzing the managerial functions.. The five essential , managerial functions (are) : planning, organizing, staffing, directing and leading, and controlling KOONTZ and ODONNELL (1984) Definition 3 Managing is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the efforts of organizational members and the use of other organizational resources in order to achieve stated organizational goals J.A.F.STONER Defining the definitions Fayols definition of management He saw forecasting and planning as looking to the future and drawing up a plan of action. Organizing was seen in structural teams, and commanding was described as maintaining activity among the personnel. Coordination was seen as essentially a unifying activity. Controlling meant ensuring that things happen in accordance with established policies and practice. It is important to note that Fayol did not see managerial activities as exclusively belonging to the management. Such activities are part and parcel of the total activities of an undertaking. Having said this, it is equally important to point out that Fayols general principles of management take a perspective which essentially looks at organizations from the top downwards. Nevertheless, they do have merit of taking a comprehensive view of the role management in organizations. Fayol prefaced his famous definition of maangement by stating what he cnsidered to be the key activities of any industrial undertaking. He outline d six such key activities , as follows Technical activities. , eg production Commercial activities, eg buying and selling Financial activities, eg securing capital Security activities, eg safeguarding property Accounting activities, eg providing financial information Managerial activities, eg planning and organizing Koontz and ODonnells definition of management The most widely accepted clarification of management functions came from Koontz and ODonnell. According to them , the functions of management can be broken down to: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling. Managerial knowledge required for building an efficient and effective organization can be built around these functions. Therefore, the underlying concepts, principles, theory and techniques of management are grouped into these five functions. This framework of presentation of managerial knowledge and skill has been widely adopted. Management as a process integrates all kind of activities in an organization for the effective utilization and co-ordination of human and non-human resources. J.A.F.Stoners definition of management Here the defition refers to Management as a process Mangement as ateam of people who lead the organiation. And aslo the definition points out that for effective management, the components of management tasks are Designing the organization structure Organizing activities and processes Goal formation Development of an operating philosophy and strategy Leading and co-ordinating resources for the attaintment of objectives Creation of an internal environment cinductive to work Ensuring satisfaction of those served (i.e customers) Organizational survival planning Performance view for improvements In order to understand the term management the term split to the parts Manage+ Men + T That is manage, men and time in order to achieve the organizational goals more easily and effectively. Some of the integral elements of the above definitions can be separated and analyzed as follows Problem-solving process One of the most important function s of a manager is to make decisions and solve problems. Some of the major problems that the central management must continually face include unpredictable economic trends, changing government regulations, resources shortages and a severe competition for these resources, employee demands, technical problems, and technological changes etc. There are other problems that are comparatively routine in nature and can be solved by some tried and tested mechanisms. Example A change in production quality can be easily looked into and the process changed, if necessary. On the other hand, an increase in employee grievances or employee absenteeism or turnover may require carefully studied unique solutions. Organizational objectives All organizations have certain missions and certain objectives for their very existence. Objectives are more specific in nature. Example The mission of a college may be to produce graduates of high quality academic orientation and its objective may b e to increase the number of new students entering by 10% in 2 years Basically, the organizational objectives are profit oriented and the management must plan its activities along those lines. Additionally, it is also the managements responsibly to integrate the personal objectives of its employees into organizational objectives. The personal objectives may be higher remuneration, more challenging responsibilities and participation in decision making process. Efficiency Efficiency can be defined as a technique of operations which results in achieving the objectives in an optimum and effective manner so that the resource of time, talents, and capital are utilized fully and without waste. Accordingly, a successful management would devise means that are not only effective in achieving the goals, but also are efficient in utilizing the resources. Scarce resources The resources of people, time, capital, raw materials are all finite and limited. They are all scarce in nature and not expandable. Additionally, there is fierce competition for these resources. Management basically is a trusteeship of these resources and hence must take conscious efforts to make the most of these resources. Changing environment The dynamics of environments is evidenced by the tremendous and fast changes that have taken place an all areas in the last 50 years. The advent of computers and electronics have changed the way in which the information is processed and handled for decision making purposes. The social standards have changed, styles have changed, many laws have changed towards consumer protectionism, technology has changed and the organizations have become much more complex. Accordingly, management must be prepared to predict accurately these changes and formulate ways to meet these new challenges efficiently. Finally All the features included in the management definitions. Management is purposeful and goal oriented(It has definite economic and social objectives). Management is universal (Applied everywhere). Management is situational(Differs from, situation to situation). Management is continuous process. Management is creative. Management is multi disciplinary(It includes knowledge and information from economics, math, statistics, psychology, sociology etc) Management is dynamic(Changes as per time) Management is what manager does(Management is understood by performance) Mission statemnt Mission and Vision statements The planning process begins with two attributes: a mission statement(which answers the question What is our reason for being?) and vision statement (which answers the question What do we want to become?) The Mission Statement What is our Reason for Being ? An organizations mission is its purpoese or reason for being.Determining the mission is the responsibility of top management and the noard of dire ctors.It is up to them to formulate a mission statement, which expresses the purpose of the organization. Only a clear definition of the mission and the purpose of the organization makes possible clear and realistic.objectives, said Peter Drucker. Wheter the organization is profit or non- profit, the mission statement identifies the goods or service the organization provides and will provide, and the reasons for provising them(to make a profit or to achieve humanitarian goals for example) For example amazon.com In less than 4 years -from July 1995 to June 1999- internet That of course, was a victory statement rather than a mission statement. The mission, as expressed on the companys Web site, is to MISSIOM SJAKSJAJS We beleive that a fundamental measure of our success will be the shareholder value we create over the long termm. states one of the companys annual reports. This value will be a direct result of our ability to extend and solidity our current market lead ership position..Market leadership can translate directly to higher revenue, higher prifitability.. What is a missions statement? How to prepare it? The reason for existence of the organization Demarcate foundation for future activities Enduring statement Identifies the scope of the organization By answering following questions a company may be able to develop a mission statement WHY? Why does the organization exist? WHAT? What the organization is trying to achieve? HOW? How it intends to achieve its desired ends Mission Mission and management Mission must be communicated to and internalized by managers and employees.This is accomplished through the explicit statements of top management as well as through the value culture system of the organization. Mission provides criteria for strategy selection by executives.Many potential acquisitions or diversification moves have been ruled Mission identifies the basic tasks of an organization for which is should exist and strive, and plans its processes and activities to accomplish them. Though the terms mission and purpose are often used interchangeable, mission implies that the identified tasks should enable the organization to link its activities to the needs of the society and legitimize its existence by social expression of its business purpose. The mission statement of a consumer- durables manufacturing company could be: To manufacture, disturb and service world-class quality of household consumer durable article at competitive prices for cate ring to the need of society for higher quality of living and comfort. In this mission statement, the last few words add to the flavor of social expression of its business. Characteristics of a mission A mission statement is more than a statement of specific details It usually is broad in scope for at least two major reasons A good mission statement allows for the generation and consideration of a range of feasible alternatives and strategies without unduly stifling management creativity. A mission statement needs to be broad ti effectively reconcile differeces among and appeal to an organizations diverse stakeholders Precise A mission statemnet should not be so narrow as to restrict the organizations activities nor it should be so broad as to loose its meaning.A good statement of the mission of the firm should be as precise as possible and indicate major components of strategy. Current A mission statement may loose its significant after some time due to ch anged business conditions.Environmental factors and organizational factors may require modofications of the mission Enduring Mission statement should provide continual guidance and inspiration and be challenged in the pursuit of its mission , ever achieving its ultimate goal. Written in an Inspiring Tone and distinctive A mission statement should be so framed that is capable of inspiring ane encouraging commitment towards attaining the mission.It should distinguish an organization from all organizatons of its type Customer Orientation A good mission statement describes an organizations purpose , customers, productos or services, markets, philosophy and basic technology A good mission statement reflects the anticipation of customers. Rather than developing a product and then tring to find a market, the operating philosophy of Benefits of a mission statement A well- developed mission statement helps top management in a number of ways: It crystallizes top maagements own view of the long-term sytategic positoon of the firm. In helps to insure that the behaviour of lower-orger personnel is directed toward achievement of the corporate mission. It conveys a message to external stakeholders, such as financial institutuins that may influence their inestment strategies It insures organizational confidence, in that top management knows where it wishes to drive the corporation. It provides a pathway for establishing longer-term strategy. The mission durects the entire planning endeavor of the corporation . In particular, it directs the formulation of the groth plan; and guides the nature and pace of growth. So is becomes the guiding philosophy of the activities of the organization. The mission is the reference point and guiding spirit and guiding spirit for the growth plan of a firm. It brings the corporate purpose or the long-term objective of the firm into focus. In evolving the strategies too, the mission plays a guiding role Mission communicates the corporate vision and purpose to everyone in the firm. Importance of mission statements To ensure unanimity of purpose within the organization. To provide a basis, or stadard, for allocating organizational resources. To establish a general tone or organizational climate. To serve as a focal point for individuals to identify with the organizations purpose and diection, and to deter those who cannot from participating further in the organizations activities To facilitate the translation of objectives into a work structure involving the assignment of tasks to responsible elements within the organization To specify organizational purposes and then to translate these purposes into objectives in such a way that cost, time, and performance parameters cen be assessed and controlled. The Motivational Needs of individuals and groups Motivation Motivation is ones willingness to exert efforts towards the accomplishment of his/her goal. Let us consider a few important defintions on motivation that will help us understand the meaning of motivation more clearly. Further Luthan1 defined motivation as a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive. According to Stephen P. Robbins2. Motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of efforts toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort ability to satisfy some individual need. In the opinion of Gray and Strake , motivation is the result of processes, internal or external to the individual, that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action, After going through the above definition , motivation can be defined very simply as the willingness to exert towards the accomplishment of goal or need. Motivation Cycle or Process As stated earlier, motivation is a process or cycle aimed at accomplishing some goals. The basic elements included in the process are motive, goals and behaviors Behavior Goal Motive Tension Reduction The need for motivation can be imbued with multiplicity of justifications as follows Organizations are run by people. Hence. imagers cannot afford to avoid a concern with human behavior at work. This is because the motivated employees are more productive and quality-conscious than apathetic ones. Motivation as a pervasive concept affects and is also affected by a host of factors in the organizational milieu. It enables managers to understand why people behave as they behave. Organizational effectiveness becomes, to some extent, the question of managements ability to motivate its employs. hence, an appreciation of motivation helps the managers how to motivate their employees. Machines become necessary in case of complex technology. However, these remain ineff icient vehicles of effective and efficient operations without man to operate them, Therefore, organizations need to have employees with required capability and willingness to us the advanced complex technology to achieve the organizational goal. With the realization that organizations will run in more complex milieu in future, an increasing attention has been given to develop employees as future resources( a talent bank) . This facilitates the managers to draw upon them as and when organizations grow and develop. In sum and substance, the need for and significance of motivation for an organization can be put as follows: If we compare management with driving, while the organization is the vehicle, then motivation is the power or fuel that makes the vehicle moving Theories of Motivation From the very beginning, when the human organizations were established, various thinkers have tried to find out the answer to what motivates people to work. Different approaches applied by them have resulted in a number of theories concerning motivation. Theories based on human needs (theories by Maslow, Herberg, and McClelland) Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory It is probably safe to say that the most well-known theory of motivation is Maslows need hierarchy theory, Maslows theory is based on the human needs. Drawing chiefly on his clinical experience, he classified all human needs into a hierarchical manner from the lower to the higher order. In essence, he believed that once a given level of need is satisfied, it no longer serves to motivate man. Then, the next higher level of need has to be activated in order to motivate the man. Maslow identified five levels in his need hierarchy as shown in the figure These are now discussed one by one Physiological Needs These needs are basic to human life and hence, include food, clothing, shelter, air, water and necessities of life. These needs relate to the survival and maintenance of human life. Thee exert tremendous influence on the human behavior, These needs are to be met first at least partly before higher level needs emerge. Once physiological ne eds are satisfied, they no longer motivate the man. safety needs After satisfying the physiological need, the next needs felt are called safety and security needs. These needs find expression in such desires as economic security and protection from physical dangers. Meeting these needs requires more money and, hence , the individual is prompted to work more. Like physiological needs, these become inactive once they are satisfied. Social Needs Man is a social being. He is therefore, interested in social interaction, companionship, belongings, etc. It is this socializing and belongingness why individuals prefer to work in groups and especially older people go to work. Esteem Needs These needs refer to self-esteem and self-respect. They include such needs which indicate self-confidence, achievement, competence, knowledge and independence. the fulfill mint of esteem needs leads to self-confidence, strength, and capability of being useful in the organization. However, i nability to fulfill these needs results in feeling like inferiority, weakness and helplessness. Self-Actualization Needs This level represents the culmination of all the lower intermediate and higher needs of human beings. In other word, the final step under the need hierarchy model is the need for self-actualisation.This refers to fulfillment Objectives Objectives, which are also simetime termed as goals , are the results towards which the processes and activities of an organization are aimed. Objectives emanate preliminary from the mission statement of the organiztion. Objectives should be expressed as specifically as possible so that results can be seen and varified. The settig of objectives provides the foundation upon ahich the structures oc activities are built. Therefore, the setting od objectives is necessary not only to aim at the result, but also to give commensurate shape to the oganization and its staffing, leading, and controlling actions. Objectives woul d have different perspectives, one for the emterprise level and the others for the divisions, departments or any other allied business activities of the enterprise.However, the latter objectives should be in tune with, and support,the enterprise objectives.Often, these latter objectives are expressed in more specific time-bound terms, and are referred as Goals. Therefore, goals must be specific in terms of time and results, expressed unambigiously, and it should possible to monitor and measure the goals continually in an organization. Some of the areas in which a corporation might establish its objectives Profitability(net profits) Efficiency(low costs) Growth(increase in total assets) Stakeholder wealth Utilization of resources Reputation(being considered a top firm) Contributions to employees Contributions to society Market leadership Technological leadesrship Survival Personnel needs of top management ( using the firm for personal purposes, such as providing jobs for relatives) Question 2 Functions of Management Management Forecasting Motivating Organizing Communicating Planning Forecasting Forecasting is necessary preliminary to planning. Forecasting estimate the future work or what should be done in future. It may be as regard sales or production or any other aspect of business activity. Forecasting begins with sales forecasting and is followed by product forecast and forecasts for costs, finance, purchase, profit or loss etc Forecasting is the process of predicting future environmental happenings that will influence the operatio of the organization. Although sophisticated forecasting techniques have been developed only rather recently, the concept of forecasting can be traced at least as far as back in the management. The importance of the forecasting lies in its ability to help managers understand the future makeup of the organizational environment, which, in turn, helps them formulate more effective plans. How foracsting works Establish relationships between industry sales and national ,economical and social indicators Determine the impact gover nment restrictions Evaluate sales growth Evaluate the potentila for expansion of marketing effo Planning Planning is future oriented and determines an organizations direction. It is a rational and systematic way of making decisions today that will affect the future of the company. It is a kind of organized foresight as well as corrective hindsight. It involves the predicting of the future as well as attempting to control the events.It invlves the ability to forresee the effects of current actions in the long run in the future. An effective planning programme incorporates the effect of both external as well as internal factors. the external factors are shortages of resources, both capital and materal, general economic trends as far as interest rates and inflation are concerned, dynamic technilogical advancememts, increased government regulation regarding community interests, unstable international political environments etc. The internal factors that affect planning are limited growth opprtunities due to saturation requiring diversification, changing patterns of work force, moe c omplex organizational structres, decentralization etc. Planning all aspects of production, selling etc. are essential in order to minimize intangibles Planning is a process by which a manager anticipates the future and discovers alternative courses of action open to him. Planning is a rational , economical and systematic way of making decisions today which will affect the future E.g. what will be done in future, who will do it and where it will be done. Every managerial act is inexorably intervined with planning Without proper planning the activities of an enterprise may become confused and ineffective Prior panning is essential for utilizing the available facilities to the best of advantage Organizing Organizing requires a formal structiure of authority and the direction and flow of such authority through which work sub-divions are defined, arranged and co-ordinated so that each part relates to each other oart in a united and coherent manner so as to attain the prescribed objectives. Thus the fucntion of organizing involves the determination of activities that need to be done in order to reach the company goals, assigning these activities to the proper personnel, abd delegating the necessary authoruty to carry out these activities in a coordinated and cohesive manner. It folllows , therefore, that the fucntion of organizing is concerned with Idemtifying the tasks that must be performed and grouping them whenever necessary Assigning these tasks to the personnel while defining their authority and responsibility Delegating this authority to these employees Establishing a relationship between authority and responsibility Organizing is the process by which the struc ture and allocation of jobs is permitted. Organizing involves determining activities required to achieve the established company objectives, grouping these activities on a logical basis for handling by subordinates and finally assigning persons to the job designed .In carrying out the above, the manager will delegate necessary authority to his subordinates and that, in turn, will take the necessary responsibility. Organizing means organizing people, material, jobs, time etc. and establishing a framework in which responsibilities are defined and authorities are laid down. Motivating Motivating means inspiring the subordinates to do a work or to achieve company objectives effectively and efficiently. Communicating Communicating is the process by which ideas are transmitted, received and understood by others for the purpose of effecting desired results Communicating may be verbal or written orders, reports, instructions etc. A manager communicates to his subordinates as to what they should do An effective communication leads to confusion, misunderstanding, dissatisfaction and sometimes even strikes There is a common denominator in every group activity, who is there to transmit and share information , that makes communicating in the process of management. Communications are the means employed by the leader to make known his predictions and inspire the necessary efforts, by executives to pass on their plans and instructions for action, and by the supervisors to co-ordinate activities and control operations. A means of contact between departments and individuals, and a channel for the distribution Policies Policies are treated as plans for guiding actionas and decisions in t he organization in a predetermined direction in order to accomplish goals and objectives. Policies help to identify boundary areas within which decisions are to be made, and ensure that the decisions are consistent with the purpose of the business. Policies are essential in an organization t ensure that not every problem is separately analyzed for actions and adhocism allowed to creep in. They are to unify actions with plans all over the organization. Since an organization has different levels, the policies of the organization also pertain to various levels, vizs. business policy for the corporate levels and top managers, company policies for the higher levels of administrators, departmemtal polocies for the guidance of the depertmental managers, and policies pertaining to some special activity like recruiment policy , training policy, wage policy, sales policy, etc. Policies in an organization can thus be major or minor in nature, but they all serve the purpose of bringing unifo rmity in decisions and actions. Though the value and contribution of policies in running a business is well appreciated, aking policies consistent with, and integrated enough to realize, the organizations objectives has been found most difficult. By their very nature, policies are often required to be clearly stated in terms of procedures and rules for implementation. Procedures are a series of elated steps of instruction, expressed in chronological order, of how to follow the stated policy, and rule to prescribe exactly what should be done in a given circumstances. Rules do not allow any discretio; they must be followed as prescribed. There sould not be any confusion between policy, procedure and rules. At times, there may be some similaruty of character between policy and rules, but they are different in their purpose. The purpose of policies is to ensure uniformly of decision throughout the organization for similar problems, and may allow discretion to the managers if that hel ps acheive the objectives and goals. However, rules specify what actions to take, or how to rwspont in a given circumstances without any discetion by the implementer. Roles A contractors site personnel are groued into three main categories technical Clerical Works But precise titles ary from company to company, and the same name may mean something very different in another organization. However, the following major roles can be distiunguished, alhough the actual members of staff will vary from project to project and at different times of a contarct. Contract Manager or or Contracts Supervisor is usually besed at Head ofiice, and visits his group of contractors on a regular weekly basis or as the situation demands. His chief concerns are to ensure that progress and the financial outcome are satisfactory, and that time, cost and quality are to tha satisfaction of the client. he may or may ot be a diector of the firm. Project manager, Site manager or Agent is the companys senior representative on site. He is the leader and chief executive of the contractors site organization, and because of the many day-to-day decisions that have to be taken he is usually given wide discretionary powers. His main duties are to see that the construction is carried out economically and to time , and in accordance with the contract documents. He is usually qualified technically. Works Manager or General Foreman is responsible for the recruitment and deployment of direct labor and plant, with a special responsibility for safety. he maintain site discipline and handles daily negotiations with the unions and their representatives, and co-ordinates sub-contract labor. Office manager or crashier is responsible for all of the clerical tasks- timekeeping, payment of wages, checking and storaeg of materials, and general office functions. Chief Engineer is responsible for setting-out the works, measurement and records, and quality control procedures. He al so prepares and monitors detailed works programmes and co-ordinaes the flow of drawings and other information. It is also his Span of control By span of control we mean the number of people reporting directly to one superior. This number can vary enroumous from one departmen to another, from firm to firm and from industry to industr. How many people can a manager or superior control? Unfortunately, the answer is not simple.The limits are set by a number of different factors, all of which are important. Superior Worker A Worker B Narrow span of control Wider span of control Worker C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Superior The nature of the job This is a significant factor. If the job is relatively simple, The Span of Control As a business enterprise grows in order to undertake more work and consequently employs more labour, the problm of cordinating the various activities and numerous personnel gradually expands beyond the capacity of one indiv idual. It becomes necessary to delegate authority to assisyants, so that first-hand information concerning operations no longer entirely within the province of one man but must be obtained by reference to others, The manager who has delegated responsibility to two subordinates remains accountabkle for their twin performances, and if theri activities are independent , then he must also corre,ate the secondary relationship existing betwenn two of them. The total combination of such primary and secondary inter-relations that must arise between interlocking executives, increases progressively in the order Since there is a practical limit to the number of seperate irems to which the normal huan brain can attend at any one time, there must be a definite limit to the span of responsibility that the average maanger can competenly control. When deciding the range of a particular span of control consideration must therefore be given to the following factors: The actual time required for giving decisiom]ns and guidance to subordinates The relative geographical location of subordinates and the consequent travelling time involved. The comlexicity and varied of responsibilities concerned. The personal characer and emotional stability of the particular management. The specific span of control for a particular set of conditions thus considerable thought; and the resulting decision will largely depend upon a sound appraisal of the personnel aspect; but a total of 5, 6 or 7 is generally regarded as the maximum range under normal circumstances. Strategy Strategy refers to a framework of grand plans formulated to meet the challenges of special circumstances. Strategy is a term that was originally used in military science to mean plans to counter what an adversary might or might not do. A strategy of a corporation is a comprehensive plan stating how the corporation will achieve its mission and objectives This term is, however, expensively used by t he management to decide what kind of business one should be in, how a spacial situation can be countered, how a minimum growth rate in a competitive market can be sustained, etc. The term strategy usually has the implication of actions for countering competition by prior planning, and it is widely used in todays industry. While strategic thinking anc actions that guide the planning process for the accomplishment of a special objective are known as strategic planning, strategic actions that guide the survival or growth of a company in a competitive or adverse external environment is known as strategic management. However, these two terms are often used for one and the same thing. Naturally, strategic management would have to start with formulation of the objectives of an organization, and then development of methods to accomplish them within the time target by analyzing the environment and the various alternatives available to the organization. The typical business firm usually co nsiders three types of strategy Corporate strategy Business strategy Functional strategy Corporate strategy Corporate strategy describes a companys overall direction in terms of its general attitude toward growth and the management of its various businesses and product lines.Corporate strategy comprises directional strategy, portifolio analysis, and parenting strategy. Corporate directional strategy is conceptualized in terms of stability, growth, and retrenchment . Business strategy Business strategy occurs at the business unit or product level, and it emphasizes improvement of the competitive position of a corporations products or services in the specific industry or market segment served by that business unit. Business strategies are composed of competitive and cooperative strategies Functional strategy Functional strategy is the approach taken by a functional area, such as marketing or research and development, to achieve corporate and business unit ob jectives and strategies by maximising resource productivity. It is concerned with developing and nurturing competence to provide a company or business unit with a competitive advantage.