Peak – Time Executions as a Television Spectacular

Peak – time Executions as a Television Spectacular Peak-time Executions As a Television Spectacular by Ellen Goodman. Written for The Washington Post in America in 1954 and later published in the British newspaper The Guardian Weekly on April 1, 1984. The article is about how the murderer James David Autry wants his execution to be on the television and Goodman asks questions to whether or not it is okay to show the spectators that kind of violent spectacular and how it will affect them.Obviously this article was meant to create a debate when it was published those many years after in Britain. If we take a look at the different executions that occur in the article, then we get a pretty good view of how the articles main interest and opinion is negative and wants to show that it has done nothing but bring out the bad in people. Watt Espy who is an historian of capital punishment at the University of Alabama Law Center believes and has heard that violence only brings more violen ce – â€Å"[†¦] has collected tales of the violence begat by violence† (p. ll. 1-2). He gives an example of how the execution of two men in Attling, Georgia. leads to a fight between the spectators and ends with a man being killed. He states – â€Å"This was not unique† (p. 2 l. 3). By that he tells us that it was not uncommon at that time to have consequences like that happen during an execution. The people at that time didn’t handle the rush of the spectacle and of the â€Å"show† very well. It got to them and the influence of the bad situation would spread and affect the spectators.Another example of an execution giving by Goodman is when she talks about one of the last time that the public could watch an execution in America. It was August 26, 1936 that Raine Bethea was hung in front of a crowd of 10,000 people in Owensboro, Kentucky. Goodman describe the execution before and after, like it was some kind of concert or entertainment show that the spectators were about to watch. â€Å"Through the early hours of that day, â€Å"Hawkers squeezed their way through the crowd selling popcorn and hot dogs. Telephone poles and trees were festooned with spectators†. (p. 1 ll. 12-13) It reminds me of a circus, where you can buy hot dogs or an outdoor movie theater with popcorn, also Goodman writes that a vivid account by Time Magazine showed that the night before the execution of Bethea, the spectators had gone to hanging parties and drinking like the execution was something to look forward to. â€Å"By 5 o’clock, â€Å"the crowd grew impatient, began to yip, â€Å"Let’s go, bring him out†. † (p. 1 l. 14) Again the crowd shows the influence of what was going on. The bad situation had a violent effect on them.It made them seem and act almost crazy by the things Goodman describes – â€Å"At 5. 28 there was a swish, a snap. † Soon the spectators crowded in and â€Å"eager hands clawed at the black death cloth†¦ The lucky ones stuffed the bits of black cloth in their pockets†. † (p. 1 ll. 16-17) The quote says that â€Å"the lucky ones† got to go home with a piece of clothing from Bethea after he was dead, as proof that they had witnessed the execution. The way that the reaction to Bethea’s execution gets described is very harsh and cynical, like the spectators had forgotten their humanity and compassion.It is an example like this that makes Goodman bring it up. It shows how wrong it is and what impact seeing an execution can have on people. She sees no reason for bringing such a spectacle up again. For example this quote says that if we go back to the way it was back then it would most likely result in videos of the state-approved murders – â€Å"As we resume the march of state-approved murder, it seems likely that television reporters will soon be allowed to bring tools of their trade – cameras – into the death chamber, the way print reporters bring pencils† (p. ll. 21-13) â€Å"Indeed, if others have their way, we may yet tune in on death. Live at Five. We may enter the death chamber through the living room. Once again we may become spectators at executions† (p. 1 ll. 5-7) – Again when she writes â€Å"once again† she refers to it as going around 50 years back in time to when it was executions on the streets. She also uses irony with the â€Å"live at five† because it makes it sound like it was any other television show and that we could watch death â€Å"through the living room†, that doesn’t sound very appealing.By saying things like that she uses the irony to make people think about what this actually means, which is watching another human die as â€Å"entertainment† on the television in your own living room. In the article Goodman also write about arguments for and against showing executions on televisions, but not her own arguments though. â€Å"Some who favour capital punishment as a deterrent to crime are convinced that watching an execution would scare criminals straight. Some who oppose capital punishment believe that the sight would enrage the public† (p. 1 ll. 3-25) as the quote says an argument for, could be to scare the criminals so they could see what could happen to them. And an argument against could be that it would only have a bad effect on the public. â€Å"There’s no scientific way to prove in advance the effect of televised executions on crime [†¦ ] but we do know something about the effect on the â€Å"audience†. We do know something about spectators from the old days† (p. 2 l. 12, ll. 13-14) – Goodman knows that there is no way to prove what effect it would bring but she see no reason to try and test it. The descriptions of his death were graphic enough† (p. 1 l. 1) – When writing about Autry, Goodman clearly states her op inion towards the subject which if the executions should be on television or not. Like the descriptions of how Autry’s execution went in details weren’t enough? She is saying that it should be enough. That showing it on television would be over doing it. Hearing about how someone takes a man’s life on purpose would be hard enough but to actually see it happening with your own eyes would be horrifying.

The Burning of Rome Literary Analysis

While reading The Burning of Rome, any person with simple observation skill may perceive Tacitus’ purpose. The readers should take what he says against Nero, and try to believe everything he says so they turn against Nero. Tacitus believes the readers should think that Nero started the fire that engulfed Tome. He wants reader to think of Nero as a corrupt, manipulative human being, and overall the worst, most evil leader that ever ruled over Rome. Tacitus uses the rhetorical strategies of pathos, description, and narration as ways to help him persuade readers to believe his point. Tacitus puts pathos to good use on a number of statements and explanations. To turn readers against Nero, Tacitus evokes the emotions of hatred, pity, and sympathy when he says â€Å"The shrieks of panic stricken women, the weakness of the ages†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tacitus 327). Writing that and other sentences, the author targets the audience’s emotion of pity. He wants them to feel piteous toward the women and old men; by feeling that way, they feel hatred against Nero and somewhat convert against him; therefore they will more readily believe that he started the inferno. Tacitus also uses pathos when he says â€Å"†¦The most cruel tortures upon a body of men.† (Tacitus 327). This sentence and the more descriptive details appeal to the reader’s emotion of sympathy. The readers should feel terrible that he punished the Christians merely because they follow a disliked new religion; Nero merely used them as a scapegoat, as an effort to try and take some blame off of him. In addition to pathos, Tacitus also uses this plentiful description to influence readers to think of Nero as a corrupt, manipulative human being. He writes small stories with such vivid images, such as â€Å"†¦so much as lawn and lawns and mock wilderness.† (Tacitus 324). The author portrays Rome in all its beauty in effort to give the reader an idea of what was lost. Although mainly description, it also incorporates pathos. The readers should imagine how beautiful and lovely Rome looked before the fire, and then believe that Nero burned it down and destroyed everything they had. Tacitus’ narration of the story is more effective than his descriptions. He tells the story of the burning of Tome, while explain to reader why exactly Nero should take the blame. For example, he says â€Å"Furiously the destroying flames swept on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tacitus 327). Tacitus narrates the burning of Rome so that the readers actually know what happened, and don’t guess at any details. He effectively tells how the fire destroyed Rome using description. The readers can imagine the entire city up in flames, and it makes them even more so against Nero, the only one accused in Tacitus’ writing. Tacitus effectively uses the rhetorical strategies such as pathos, description, and narration to persuade readers to fall into his writing objective of making readers believe that Nero started the fire. He effectively appealed to emotions, created vivid images, and told stories to move the readers on his side, making his point.

Textiles as a Building Material Beyond That of a Passive Skin

The functional character of fabrics: fabrics as aedificestuff beyond that of a inactive tegument. Much of the Interior Architects work consist of the adaptative re-use of concrete, steel and brick edifices. In a universe where resources are scarce and edifices have to be demolished to do manner for new 1s, fabrics could go an attractive option to traditional edifice stuffs. Could textiles serve edifice demands beyond that of a inactive tegument, beyond that of a cosmetic characteristic? Table of Contentss:Page figure: List of Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦twoIntroduction: Buildings beyond inactive shelter†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .1Fabrics as a inactive tegument [ shelter ] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .2Curtain as architecture [ the interior tegument ] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ .3More than a skin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦ .4Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7List of references†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8List of Figures: FIGURE 1: Curtain Wall House, Shigeru Ban [ pg.2 ] FIGURE 2: Axonometric position bespeaking drape as exterior facade [ pg.2 ] FIGURE 3: Section through concert hall [ pg.3 ] FIGURE 4: Large window with functional drape [ pg.3 ] FIGURE 5: Fabric facade [ pg.4 ] FIGURE 6: Responsive photovoltaic fabric strips [ pg.4 ] FIGURE 7: Diagram bespeaking response energy reaping facade elements [ pg.5 ] FIGURE 8: Curtain as splitter and illuming system [ pg.6 ] FIGURE 9: UV-resistant plastic insularity [ pg.6 ] FIGURE 10: Multi layered membrane construction [ pg.6 ]Introduction: Buildings beyond inactive shelterâ€Å"ALL BUILDINGS, Once HANDED OVER by the builders to the client, have three possible destinies, viz. to stay unchanged, to be altered or to be demolished. The monetary value for staying unchanged is eventual loss of business, the menace of change is the entropic skid, the promise of destruction is of a new building.† -Fred Scott ( SCOTT 2007:1 ) Current building rates and techniques could be seen as a response to society’s demands for a peculiar criterion of life ( ADDIS 2006: 5 ) . Within our current preponderantly industrialized society, it is usual pattern to cover with unwanted edifices by taking those things with immediate value, pulverizing what is left over and disposing of it by lodging it into the land ( CROWTHER 1999: 1 ) . This has a great impact on our environment, and can be seen in the depletion of non-renewable natural resources, air pollution and the debasement of the natural landscape to call a few ( ADDIS 2006: 5 ) . These patterns with their damaging environmental effects can non be sustained, either environmentally or economically, and convey on a demand for newer and more efficient building techniques and material utilizations ( CROWTHER 1999: 1 ) . Harmonizing to Guy and Shell,Design for deconstruction and stuffs reuse( 2001 ) The overall end with Design for Deconstruction†¦ â€Å"†¦is to cut down pollution impacts and increase resource and economic efficiency in the version and eventual remotion of edifices, and recovery of constituents and stuffs for reuse, re-manufacturing and recycling.† Design for deconstruction starts to oppugn traditional edifice methods and ways of believing simply by look intoing the mode in which things connect and gulf. With anticipations such as energy scarceness and resource depletion designers in assorted Fieldss should no longer be planing edifices merely to function as reclaimable shelter. Therefore, for a edifice to merely be demountable and adaptable is no longer plenty. Buildings should instead hold the potency of tackling the sustainable resources that are available. In this essay, the functional usage of fabrics as an architectural stuff will be questioned. First, the rediscovery of fabrics as an architectural stuff will be considered. Second, the usage of fabric drapes as a functional architectural stuff within Casa district attorney Musica will be briefly investigated and in conclusion, functional applications of fabrics as a inactive tegument within the architectural envelope will be discussed in short.Fabrics as a inactive tegument [ shelter ] Fabrics being one of the nimblest and lightest edifice stuffs, serve as a premier pick in the building of demountable and adaptable edifices. They are easy to transport and put in and hold a comparatively low embodied energy and C footmark. Developing engineerings besides demonstrate the extent to which fabrics are adaptative every bit good as multifunctional as a edifice stuff, doing the stuff capable of turn toing a assortment of human demands ( BROWNELL 2011 ) . While much of the current fabric engineerings are extremely advanced, the basic rules of cloths have ancient roots. The earliest grounds of woven fabrics goes back about 7000 old ages, puting it about instantly after the last ice age. Fabrics were besides found in the Paleolithic colonies in the signifier of portable tent-like huts clad with animate being teguments, imputing it with a long history as an architectural stuff ( McQUAID 2005: 106 ) ( QUINN 2006: 23 ) . This ancient system displays the careful consideration of resource usage every bit good as leting for constituents to be disassembled and relocated, replaced and maintained. The typical compressive frames and tensile membranes used within the constructions could be easy taken apart by the user as it was lightweight ( CROWTHER 1999:5 ) . With clip fabrics were replaced with lumber, rock, concrete and masonry constructions, deteriorating the usage of fabrics as edifice stuff in architecture. Consequently, fabrics are perceived as vulnerable to H2O, flammable, impermanent and weak whereas architecture is associated with mass and denseness. Therefore, fabrics are frequently limited to cosmetic elements ( QUINN 2006: 23 ) . The incorporation of soft cladding stuffs as an built-in constituent of reinforced infinites challenges this premise ( KLASSEN 2008: 1 ) .Shigeru Ban’sCurtain-wall house (see FIGURE 1 ) serves as an advanced modern-day illustration of the usage of lightweight fabrics in building. The fabric is incorporated as a bed of the exterior edifice envelope moving as a shade supplier ; splitter and enclosure in a domestic context ( see FIGURE 2 ) . By utilizing a fabric in topographic point of a structural wall, Shigeru creates paradoxes between the thoughts of openness and separation, permeableness and enclosure, every bit good as working with the thought of motion across interior and exterior infinites. This design offers credibleness to fabrics as a building stuff hinting to the rediscovery of fabrics as a important architectural stuff ( KLASSEN 2008: 3 ) ( QUINN 2006: 23 ) .Curtain as architecture [ the interior tegument ] â€Å"We shortly forgot about ornaments and colorss and began to construe the drape as walls, frontages, built-in parts of the architecture, structures that finish a room.†Ã¢â‚¬â€œPetra Blaisse ( WIENTHAL 2011:274 ) TheCasa district attorney Musicacreated by Rem Koolhaas, with interior infinites shaped by Petra Blaisse reiterates Shigeru’s usage of fabrics. Even more so than theCurtain house, theCasa district attorney Musicareappropriates fabrics as a functional architectural stuff within the inside. ( This illustration serves merely to beef up the instance for fabrics as a functional architectural stuff beyond ornament but does non look at the application beyond a inactive tegument ) . Contrary to conventional public presentation halls, the Casa district attorney Musica consists of big nothingnesss encroaching the edifice margin. This is chiefly because the halls were ‘excavated from the monolithic volume’that forms the edifices shell ( see FIGURE 3 and FIGURE 4 below ) . Initially the impression of drapes served a strictly ocular map within the architect’s theoretical account and was represented as garbages of fabric inserted as topographic point holders ( WIENTHAL 2011:272 ) . The demands and outlooks of the drapes changed as the design squad realized that even the slightest change of graduated table, stuffs, place or construction significantly impacted on the public presentation and potency of the suites. Finally the usage of blackout drapes mediated between the visible radiation and acoustic public presentation within the halls in order to heighten the ocular and audile quality of the infinites ( see FIGURE 4 on pg.3 ) ( WIENTHAL 2011:274, 275 ) . The coaction between Rem Koolhaas and Petra Blaisse exemplifies the ability of a fabric drape to excel the mere cosmetic and enter the kingdom of the functional. The acoustic and atmospheric definition that the fabric curtains conveying to the interior infinites of the Casa district attorney Musica exceeded even those initial outlooks of the designer. The fabric performs a specific map that could be considered architectural in nature and challenges the typical premise that cloth serves merely as a cosmetic addi tion.More than a skin [ the functional character of fabrics ] A new paradigm in architecture is emerging which includes net teguments, flexible skeletons and lightweight interwoven textile constructions that replace traditional positions of architecture as solid gravitation edge constructions. Dense compaction based edifices can be replaced with more efficient tensile systems that besides has the capacity to react to the natural environment ( McQUAID 2005: 104 ) ( QUINN 2006: 23 ) . This displacement enables designers every bit good as interior designers to make constructions that act beyond the boundaries of a inactive tegument. Buildings that harness their ain power from renewable beginnings. Architecture house KVA Matx late published an article in the Energy Future Journal ( Spring edition ) about theirsoft houseconstruct. This construct aims to make an active architecture that responds to environmental conditions. It includes the usage of a movable fabric substructure thatcrops solar energyby agencies of a antiphonal photovoltaic fabric [ 1 ] facade on the outside of the edifice that adjusts to follow the Sun ( KOEPPE 201: 378 ) ( STAUFFER 2013:21 ) . The row of lodging units portion the energy reaping facade as indicated in FIGURE 5 and FIGURE 6. These are equipped with incorporate flexible solar cells. The facade consists of single strips that change place to track the seasonal motions of the Sun ( See 4 diagrams on the right of FIGURE 7 ) . The fabric photovoltaic’s are made up of fabric strips with a fictile,spring-like construction of fibre-reinforced composite boardsthat bend to organize flexible [ 2 ] PV’s. See FIGURE 6 ( BROWNELL 2011 ) . Here the incorporation of fabrics in architecture is critical in order to let for the tegument of the edifice to reap solar energy. Different shadiness forms are besides created in the inside when the facade responds to the Sun ( STAUFFER 2013:20 ) . The Soft House antiphonal facade demonstrates how traditional‘hard’architectural stuffs (such as non-renewable energy, glass-based solar panels and Sun trailing machinery) can be replaced by low C, lightweight stuffs such as fabrics that allow for easy deconstruction and reuse. Here fabrics are used as a soft cladding stuff on the exterior facade of the edifice, nevertheless becomes a well indispensable constituent of the reinforced infinite. The fabric performs a specific map that surpasses that of mere inactive tegument and challenges the typical premises that it serves merely as cosmetic addition. Within the inside of the row lodging units a set of textile ‘smart curtains’ provide movable lighting. Brooding strips and LED’s provide an energy-efficientilluming systemthat allows for adjustable interior infinites. See FIGURE 8. Harmonizing to Kennedy, personal microclimates can be created†¦Ã¢â‚¬ When you [ enclose ] littleinfinites, the brooding elements in thedrapes reflect the heat from the radiantfloor in winteror roll up cooled air ifit’s summertime†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( STAUFFER 2013:20 ) . The utilizations of proficient or smart fabrics expand beyond that of fabric photovoltaic panels and LED lighting drapes. ThePolar bear marqueeis the first edifice to implement ground-breaking engineering to expeditiously absorb and hive away heat ( See FIGURE 9 ) ( www.business.highbeam.com ) . The multi-layered construction comprises of a heat insulating membrane on a textile footing. The outer bed is composed of a crystalline UV-resistant plastic that provides heat insularity. Below this bed is a black absorbent fabric which is warmed by the Sun. Roll uping paths form an incorporate system of faculties oriented toward the Sun. This het air is so guided to the energy shops ( see FIGURE 10 ) . Here the heat is transformed into chemical energy within the energy shops by agencies of silicon oxide ( www.bio-pro.de ) ( www. techtextil.messefrankfurt.com ) . This extremely advanced system is still in the development stages but suggests countless chances for fabrics in the hereafter. This invention goes beyond that of fabrics as mere tegument and touches on the functional character of fabrics. DecisionInterior designers are continually forced to revaluate current design attacks due to pressing environmental concerns and technological promotions. Despite the current development in fabrics and as discussed, the advanced usage of fabrics in architecture, the applications thereof beyond a inactive tegument are still in their babyhood. I believe that fabrics could potentially go an environmentally sustainable design solution to that of traditional building stuffs. Therefore, non merely moving as a inactive tegument, but besides making chance for interaction with the environment and that we could potentially profit from the functional character of fabrics. This premiss derives from the case in points that focus on the development of antiphonal fabrics and their applications in the reinforced environment. The assorted inventions within the architectural fabric sphere is increasing and turning toward an environmentally sustainable solution.List of MentionsADDIS, B. 2006.Constructi ng with rescued constituents and stuffs: A design enchiridion for reuse andrecycling.United Kingdom: Earthscan. Biopro baden. 2013. A warm house thanks to polar bear rule: News.Found online at:hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bio-pro.de/magazin/index.html? lang=en & A ; artikelid=/artikel/09100/index.html. [ accessed: 24 February 2014 ] . BONNELMAISON, S. & A ; Macy, C. 2007.Responsive fabric environments.Canada: Canadian design research web. Brownell, B. 2011. Driving the hereafter of fabric constructions: Forte cloths reappraisal.Found online at:hypertext transfer protocol: //specialtyfabricsreview.com/articles/0611_f1_fabric_structures.html. [ accessed: 17 February 2014 ] . Butler, N. 2013. Textile roof gaining controls energy for long-run storage: Progresss in fabrics engineering.Found online at:hypertext transfer protocol: //business.highbeam.com/3840/article-1G1-342770882/textile-roof- captures-energy-longterm-storage. [ accessed: 24 February 2014 ] . CROWTHER, P. 2001. Developing and Inclusive Model for Design for Deconstruction. InChini, Abdol ( Ed. )CIB Task Group 39 – Deconstruction, Annual Meeting, 2001, April 2001, Wellington, New Zealand.Found online at:hypertext transfer protocol: //eprints.qut.edu.au/2884/ . [ accessed: 22 February 2014 ] . GUY, B. & A ; Shell, S. 2001. Planing for Deconstruction and Materials reuse. Environmental design usher. InChini, Abdol ( Ed. )CIB Task Group 39 – Deconstruction, Annual Meeting, 2001, April 2001, Wellington, New Zealand.Found online at:hypertext transfer protocol: //www.deconstructioninstitute.com/files/downloads/75508728_DesignforDeconstructionPaper. pdf. [ accessed: 21 February 2014 ] . Inside Outside. 2004. Casa district attorney Musica: Inside Outside, Petra Blaisse. Internet: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.insideoutside.nl/en/casa-da-musica.htm. [ accessed: 20 February 2014 ] . KLASSEN, F. 2008. From the bazar to infinite Architecture: Fabrics reshape the human home ground. Ryerson University: Faculty of communicating and design, school of interior design. Canada: Toronto Ontario.Found online at:hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ryerson.ca/malleablematter/images/publications/Bazaar_to_SpaceArchitecture.pdf. [ accessed: 22 February 2014 ] . KOEPPE, R. , Demir, A. , & A ; Bozkurt, Y. 2010. Development of Energy Generating Photovoltaic fabric constructions for smart applications.Fibers and Polymers.11 ( 3 ) : 378383. McQUAiD, M. 2005.Extreme fabrics: Designing for high public presentation. New York: Thames and Hudson. MILLER, G.T, & A ; Spoolman, S.E. 2009.Populating in the environment: Concepts, connexions andsolutions.16Thursdayedition. USA: Brooks/Cole. PALUSKI, M. , Hewitt, C. , Horman, M. & A ; Guy, B. 2004. Design for deconstruction: Materials reuse and constructability. Pennsylvania State university: Department of Architectural Engineering.Found online at:hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/MediaArchive/204_Pulaski_PA466.pdf. [ accessed: 21 February 2014 ] . QUINN, B. 2006. Fabrics in Archicture.Eco Redux.76 ( 6 ) :22-26 SCOTT, F. 2007.On Altering Architecture. New York: Routledge. STAUFFER, N.W. 2013. Constructing frontages that move, textiles that illuminate: A tract to flexible, resilient architecture.Energy Futures.Spring 2013.Found online at:hypertext transfer protocol: //mitei.mit.edu/publications/energy-futures-magazine/energy-futures-spring-2013. [ accessed: 24 February 2014 ] . Techtextil. 2014. Inventions prize victors: News.Found online at:hypertext transfer protocol: //techtextil.messefrankfurt.com/frankfurt/en/besucher/news/techtextil-newsletter/3-top- thema — innovationspreisgewinner.html. [ accessed: 24 February 2014 ] . Volume: 2012. Chance and command, Interview with Petra Blaisse. Internet: hypertext transfer protocol: //volumeproject.org/2012/10/chance-and-control-interview-with-petra-blaisse/ . [ accessed: 20 February 2014 ] . WIENTHAL, L. 2011.Toward a new inside: An anthology of interior design theory. New York: Princeton Architectural imperativeness. 1

Salt and ice Minnesotas battle

Salt and Ice; Minnesotas Battle Abstract Salt is applied in the thousands of tons every year to reduce ice and, in turn, reduce accidents on Minnesota roads. When the ice and snow melt each spring, the majority of this solution is relieved into rivers and lakes through storm drains on Minnesota roads. The salt negatively affects fish and aquatic plants by dehydrating them and altering fertilization. The damaging effects of sodium chloride are long term and not easily repaired. The Minnesota Department of Transportation can take ffective action by reducing salt usage and opting to alternate the biodegradable solution potassium formate.Every year the metropolitan area of Minnesota uses 350,00 tons, commerical and government, of road salt. (Homstad). To put this in perspective, if the salt was distributed to the residence of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, each person would lay 260 pounds of salt on the roads. Sodium Chloride(NaCL), the salt that is applied to roads, is the most common p ractice to reduce ice on roads in Minnesota and around snowy parts of the United States. Salt has been the most effective means of deicing roads because it lowers the freezing point of water, there for melting the snow, and it is the one of the cheapest products to use.According to a study done by Marquette University in 1992, accident rates are eight times higher when salt is not applied to icy, snowy roads. Salt is proven an effective reducer of accidents (Kuemmel). What people commonly are not aware of is that salt is generally effective until 1 5 degrees farenheit. After that point, the salts ability to break the bond between the ice and the road rapidily decreases ntil, at about 5f, salt is no longer a method to melt ice. Once the ice and snow melt, the water product runs into storm drains, which consiquntly drain into our bodies of water.The main drainage exit of metro storm drains is into our rivers and streams. The most common; the Mississippi river. Studies vary but between 70 and 80 percent of all salt applied to roads, ends up in water bodies. Both sodium and chloride are natural products, both already present in water and in living species. However, increased levels of both elements have a deadly, long term effect on aquatic life. Chloride in high concentrations is especially harmful to fresh water aquatic life. It dehydrates plants and reduces areation in water, giving fish less oxygen.The salt, also draws moisture from fish and water species, creating an imblance in electrolytes (Marshall). Not only does this imbalance kill and harm living fish, it often times creates alterations in the tisn a ast. Otten time this chloride increase reduces fish's fertility and increases disease suseptibilty for generations to come. Education will only go so far. Humans, especially Americans, have a psycological ard-wiring to think that more is more. Naturally, the assumption is made that applying more salt deices the roads faster. This is incorrect. We generally need a very small amount.Increase in amount does not lower the freezing point further. The most viable solution is to use alternative chemicals to melt salt. Potassium formate is a more costly alternative. The substance melts ice at about the same temperateure that salt does however, the product is biodegradeable. (M ¤Ã‚ ¤tt ¤) It has little to no negative effects in water and generally biodegrades in the ground before ever reaching the water. IJSNLM) The product is man-made, so it is more costly, however a little bit goes a long way with the substance and it does not contain chloride; the most harmful factor in salt.The solution is not to replace salt. Salt is an effective deicer and with reduced usage and usage n rotation with potassium formate, chloride levels will be lowered in water bodies. Training programs are currently in the works to educate snowplow drivers and residence as to how much salt is necessary. (MPCA) The drivers who took these classes significantly reduced t he amount of salt they were dispersing on roads owever they are not mandatory so not all drivers are taking them and there for the overall effect is quite small.Storm drain alterations are a solution but not an effective enough one. In placeing filterationg systems within them small amounts of salt can be prevented from entering lakes and rivers. These filteration systems would still allow the majority of chloride to enter water bodies because upon sodium chloride melting ice it sperates itself into its two elements and essentially disolves in the water. Understandably, tax payers may disagree with the higher price of potassium ormate. However, the solution is not to replace salt with this substance.The solution is to use potassium formate in conjunction with salt therefore, reducing salt usage and chloride concentrations in water bodies. The price would only be slightly more and would reduce prices for fish when more can be naturally harvested. The price for water filtration and pu rification will lower as well when salinity levels decrease. With correct usage, Potassium formate is only needed in small quantities. The benefit to consumers being able to consume more local fresh water fish is also valuable.

The impact of ozone depletion

The ozone is a thin bed of triatomic O molecules located within the ambiance which is capable of absorbing deadly UV ( UV ) radiation from the Sun. Ozone occurs of course within the stratosphere, and it accounts for approximately 90 % of the entire ozone molecules in the ambiance, compared to the tropospheric ozone which forms a major air pollutant and histories for only10 % . Ozone bed in the atmosphere extends vertically up to about 50Km, and there are about 12,000 ozone molecules per 1 billion molecules of air, while less measure exist in the troposphere of about 20-100 molecules per billion molecules of air. Stratospheric ozone is formed through a uninterrupted complex procedure of photochemical reaction affecting the splitting of O molecules into two O atoms by solar energy and each atom farther combines with O molecules to bring forth ozone. Because the procedure is sunlight dependant, more ozone is produced at lower latitudes due the concentration of high solar radiation around the equator ; as such ozone is continually produced and destroyed in these complex chemical reactions. The planetary distribution of ozone depends on conditions such as the handiness of Br and Cl in the ambiance, high solar strength and latitudinal location that favour the production of the molecules. Without this bed, UV-B radiation when making the Earth is capable of damaging works and animate being tissues, increasing the hazard of wellness jobs such as skin malignant neoplastic disease in worlds every bit good as destructing both tellurian and aquatic ecosystems. Depletion of the ozone has been observed over the old ages due to the release of chemical substances into the ambiance by worlds. In 2005, scientists have observed the addition in ozone depleting substances ( ODS ) which consequences to the cutting of this protective bed over Arctic and Antarctic poles by about 30 – 50 % , and a planetary mean decrease of about 3 – 6 % compared to the pre – 1980 degrees. The procedure of depletion begins with the release of the ozone depleting substances ( ODS ) such as Cl and Br and CFCs ( CFCs ) largely from human beginnings. These gases farther accumulate into the ambiance for some clip depending of their occupant times and so transported to the stratosphere through perpendicular commixture. These non-reactive gases are farther converted into reactive compounds by UV radiation, so chemical reactions takes topographic point to destruct the ozone bed. Finally, these gases are transported back to the troposphere where they are re moved through precipitation. Climate alteration and ozone bed depletion are interlinked because ozone itself is a nursery gas and together with other ozone consuming substances such as Br ( Br ) and Cl ( Cl ) contribute to planetary heating. Therefore any alterations in the atmospheric concentration and distribution of ozone will hold important impact on the planetary clime system. Release of these ( ODS ) substances including C dioxide and CFCs has a chilling consequence on the stratosphere. This chilling consequence favours the chemical reactions in Cl and Br thereby lending to the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds ( PSC ) , a status that consequences in the depletion of ozone. Surveies have proved that the lessening in stratospheric ozone observed over Antarctica led to alterations in the interactions between the stratosphere and the Earth. These alterations alter the atmospheric circulation peculiarly the North Atlantic oscillation ( NAO ) , which in bend has an consequence on fluctuation of clime around the Atlantic. Depletion of the ozone has another important consequence on the planetary biogeochemical rhythms which has profound consequence on the clime system. Increase in the sum UV-B modifies the C rhythm by impacting the consumption of CO2 by workss during photosynthesis, every bit good as C storage in workss tissues as biomass. Because the tellurian ecosystem serves as a net sink for C, alterations in the sum of UV radiation is capable of upseting the photosynthetic and respiration procedures which link the atmospheric C and tellurian C consumption and release. Within the tellurian ecosystems, certain works species become more susceptible to increased UV radiation, therefore cut downing their ability to gaining control and shop atmospheric C dioxide. Furthermore, a alteration in the UV radiation increases the rate of productiveness of dirt micro beings such as fungi thereby increasing the rate of C release from biomass decomposition. This accelerated bend over clip of C through this procedure of exposure debasement or exposure transmutation decreases the storage capacity of the dirt as a major C sink, as such lending to planetary heating. Scientific projections from theoretical accounts suggest a major displacement in planetary ecosystems from ice chest and wetting agent to warmer and drier conditions in response to climate change-UV interaction. Another of import linkage between ozone depletion and clime alteration is the change of the marine biological pump of atmospheric C dioxide into the ocean underside under the influence of UV radiation. Coloured dissolved organic affair ( CDOM ) nowadays in aquatic primary manufacturers which is utile in absorbing UV in the ocean undergoes exposure decoloring under higher dosage. Thereby ensuing in the loss of the pigment and accordingly let more UV incursion into the ocean and cut down the ability of aquatic workss to repair C during photosynthesis. Besides, thermic stratification of ocean Waterss occur as a consequence of increased CO2 from human- induced emanations decreases mid-water O around the deepness of 200-800m, which affect C consumption by the oceans. This stratification impact perpendicular commixture of substances such as bromocarbons found in tropical Waterss. Under the influence of UV, certain ozone consuming reactive groups such as Br oxide ( BrO ) are produced. Conversely, clime alteration besides has a important influence on ozone bed depletion. This influence may either accelerate or slow the ozone procedure of recovery. Climate alteration induces the formation of Polar stratospheric clouds around the high latitudes which when exported to mid-latitudes bring forth farther depletion of the ozone around such countries. Surveies have shown that radiative forcing from planetary heating may assist the ozone to retrieve because it tends to cut down the formation of such clouds that interact with gases in the ambiance to destruct the ozone. Evidence was observed in the decrease in the loss of ozone over Antarctica between 2001 and 2004 during the spring period. Since ozone depletion is the chief cause of decrease in temperature of the stratospheric ozone by about ( -0.17 & A ; deg ; C/ decennary ) , addition in the emanation of Green House Gases ( GHG ) into the ambiance will hold a warming consequence thereby change by reversaling this loss. Re actions affecting compounds of halogen are straight affected by UV-B and clime alteration. Halomethane emanations attributed to climate alteration react with UV-B and accordingly modulate ozone handiness in the ambiance. Climate alteration induced addition in temperature stimulates the release of methyl bromide and methyl iodide from certain species of workss under the influence of UV radiation. Besides, clime alteration consequence in the change of the planetary hydrological rhythm by increasing the rate of precipitation and eutrophication of organic C into rivers and watercourses from land. Mineralisation of this organic stuff takes topographic point under the influence of UV to foster release C into the ambiance and contribute to planetary heating. In add-on, planetary heating caused by human-induced addition in Nitrogen oxide ( NO ) , Carbon monoxide ( CO ) , and Methane ( CH4 ) from shrub fires increases the rate of production of ozone in the troposphere. As such planetary heating may increase the sum of aerosols nowadays in the ambiance which later affects the rate of ozone photolysis by about 6-11 % . Other natural factors lending to climate alteration such as volcanic eruption and fluctuation in sun-spot activity affect ozone bed depletion. Because ozone depletion in the stratosphere is formed under the influence of solar energy, any addition in the sum of radiation coming from the Sun will increase the sum of ozone in the ambiance. Variation in the 11-year Sun topographic point activity indicate an ascertained addition and lessening in ozone concentration with matching maximal and minimal solar rhythms severally. Furthermore, The Brewer-Dobson circulation is responsible for the conveyance of sulphur gases from volcanic eruptions into the stratosphere. The go uping subdivision of this circulation conveyance gas from the Torrid Zones upwards while the falling subdivision return the gases back to the troposphere in the high latitudes. Volcanic eruptions besides release sulphate gases into the ambiance. These gases significantly cut down the rate of extension of incident radiation from the Sun and diminish the production of ozone. Other natural factors such as the release of methyl bromide into the ambiance from rice cultivation deplete the ozone and therefore increase the incursion of UV radiation. There is a strong relationship between UV radiation, C and N cycling which has a important clime alteration deductions. Increase in UV can impact the N rhythm through alterations in the rate of organic affair decomposition of N incorporating compounds through nitrogen arrested development. Nitrogen compounds such as ammonium hydroxide and nitrate are continuously cycled within the biosphere in series of complex procedures. Dissolved organic Nitrogen ( DON ) reacts with UV radiation to interrupt it down into more soluble ammonium compound through the procedure of photoammonification. All these procedures determine rates of C consumption and decomposition in the planetary C rhythm. Report from the World Meteorological Organisation ( WMO 2003 ) indicate feedback mechanisms from increasing H2O vapor into the ambiance, which increases the handiness of odd-hydrogen extremist that leads to ozone depletion by upseting N and Cl rhythms. Within the marine ecosystem, hydrolysis of Br and I takes topographic point by photolysis reaction in the ocean to bring forth ozone consuming substances. Marine phytoplanktons like algae found in tropical Waterss emit halogen compounds into the troposphere. Besides, the interaction between UV-B radiation and the sulphur rhythm contribute to climate alteration. Pollutants such as dimethyl sulfide ( DMS ) and carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) are emitted as aerosols that have chilling consequence on the ambiance. Climate alteration can besides impact the extension of planetal moving ridges into the ambiance ( Rhind et al.,2005a ; 2005b ; Scott and Polvani, 2004: Scott et al. , 2004 ) . Climate theoretical accounts suggest a important impact of clime alteration on troposphere-stratosphere interaction. Surveies by Rhind et Al. ( 2001 ) estimated in approximately 30 % in this interaction resulted from duplicating of C dioxide sum in the ambiance. Appraisal by Scaife ( 2001 ) shows a decadal addition of approximately 3 % as a effect of clime alteration. All these interactions have profound consequence on the conveyance of ozone depleting substances into the stratosphere every bit good as their remotion from the stratosphere back to the Earth surface. In order to minimise or extinguish the impacts of ozone bed depletion, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed in 1987, and so came into force in 1989. Under this understanding, assorted states that signed up the pact pledged to cut down the production and ingestion of harmful halogen gases.This decrease mark begins with the decelerating down the production and so their eventual stage out through the usage of replacement gases. The usage of ozone friendly Hydrochloroflourocarbons ( HCFCs ) was adopted to replace the usage of CFC-12 in the industry of refrigerants and froth devising agents. The Montreal Protocol has successfully achieved a decrease in the concentration of Cl in the planetary ambiance in the late twentieth century. Another of import accomplishment is the decrease in the production of methyl trichloromethane and Chlorofluorocarbons to a close zero degree at the planetary graduated table. Towards the terminal of this century, substances such as methyl chloride and methyl bromide are expected to be eliminated from the ambiance due to the projected stabilization and subsequent decrease in their production. Complete recovery of the ozone to pre 1980 degree is expected under rigorous conformity to the Montreal Protocol by the center of this century, with slower recovery rate predicted by computing machine theoretical accounts around the â€Å" Antarctic ozone hole † . In decision, human induced clime alteration and ozone bed depletion are closely inter-related. With ozone depletion worsening the rate of planetary warming while clime alteration continues to consume the ozone. Therefore necessary steps must be taken under the Montreal and Kyoto Protocol commissariats to cut down the emanation of ODS and other green house gases in order to salvage the planet from effects of farther warming effects on human wellness and the environment.

Census Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Census - Research Paper Example This method of collecting census data is periodic, although as previously mentioned statistics are gathered on a continuous basis also. There are also more regular data inputs from various samples, with 1% of the population being questioned in 1995 and 2005, and 0.1% of the population being questioned on a yearly basis (BBC, 2011). Some of the major problems with the Chinese census stem from the simple fact that it is difficult to gather information on 6 billion people living within one autocratic nation. Although the error margin for the 2010 Chinese census was estimated to be only 2%, this represents over 26.7 million people. Another issue with the Chinese census has been that Chinese people have gradually been becoming aware of the rights that they have when it comes to privacy, and it has been noted that around a third of Chinese residents would be uncomfortable with letting the enumerators into their homes (Branigan, 2011). Opposition has, however, been minimal. Germany Germany uses the registration method for births, deaths and marriages but has not held an official enumeration census since 1987. Between 1875 and 1910, the census was held every 5 years, but since then full population censuses have been sporadic, mainly because Germany was split into East and West for a large part of the 20th century.

What does Brokeback Mountain show us about attitudes toward Essay

What does Brokeback Mountain show us about attitudes toward masculinity in the United States between 1963 and in 1983 and the possible effects of these attitudes - Essay Example imacy, especially homosexual behaviors, and these attitudes result to intolerance and inhuman treatment of gay people, as well as broken identities and families. From the 1960s to 1980s, society proscribes and controls male intimacy. Ibson illustrates the historical context of the 1950s as â€Å"hostile to male intimacy† (190). As a child, Jack has problems urinating. One time, seeing his urine all over the toilet, his father beat him up in â€Å"crazy rage† (Proulx 49). His father does not show him any tenderness at all. Since then, Jack feels estranged from his father, who always wanted him to be a man through rodeo shows. Rodeos represent the apex of traditional masculinity. It makes no sense to be riding an anxious bull, but for men, this is a rite of passage. Bull riding portrays strength, courage, and virility, which are masculine virtues. Society teaches men to ride life like a bull, whipping people on their paths. It encourages promiscuity too, which is why even when married, Ennis and Jack both talk about enjoying sex with their wives and desires for extra-marital affairs. It is interesting, nevertheless, that they rem ain faithful to one another. This depicts their powerful sense of faithfulness that they never feel for their wives or other women. Intolerance to differences is one of the main effects of homophobia. Grippi interviews Proulx who stresses that she wants â€Å"to awaken in people an [sic] empathy for diversity, for each other and the larger world.† Indeed, people who know that Ennis and Jack are lovers spit this knowledge with disgust. Alma calls Jack Twist as â€Å"Jack Nasty† (Proulx 33), and her words show that for society, homosexuality is a nasty behavior. People do not have tolerance for sexual differences. They only value heterosexual nature and treat homosexuality as a disease. Since homosexuals fear expressing their real sexual preferences, they rupture their own identities and families. Hunter asserts that Ennis and Jack resent

Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership - Term Paper Example They provide a sense of direction and guidance, which the rest follow to the latter in order for the organization to achieve its intended results. In essence, the major requirement in being an effective team leader is ones ability to communicate with the team members in a manner that will not offend them. This means that the leader needs to value the rest of the team players and be an equal participant in the work process. As a result, the essence of this paper will be to evaluate the behaviors of a leader with whom I have worked with previously. The name of this leader in this paper will be ‘Martin Luther’. 1. Ohio State University – Initiating Structure and Consideration Behavior Leadership Style Research at this institution identified two styles of leadership that were applicable in the day-to-day running of organizations. First, they argued that one style of leadership would be consideration. This meant that this type of leader showed interest in the team memb ers and regarded them with utter respect. To this type of leader looking out for the well being of the team members was the overall quest. In addition, this leader shows gratitude and supports the junior staff to ensure that the group meets target. On the other hand, they adopted the initiating structure kind of leadership whose focus was on the performance of the tasks by clearly defining his roles and those of the followers. For this leader, the attainment of the set goal becomes the primary factor to which he establishes the channels of communication towards results attainment. In comparison, the consideration leader is friendly and approachable, but the task-oriented kind of leader only interacts with the followers when he/she is delegating the duties and tasks. In essence, Martin Luther was consideration kind of leader to the team as he treated all the members of the team with high regard. This enabled the team to feel appreciated and valued and that all their efforts were comm endable. Martin was accessible to the team members in case we needed any form of work related assistance, as he was willing to help at any time. Another positive attribute that he had was that he showed the willingness to adapt to any form of change, which also made the team’s transition process to changes relatively easy (Collins, 2001). In addition, he treated all the team members equally by looking out for our interests without favoritism or bias. Usually, he would consult with the team members before executing any task so that he could make sure that everyone was comfortable with the implementation plan. Remarkably, he was keen on explaining the actions that he took or intended to take which made the team feel like family. His style of leadership according to the Ohio State University model proved effective, as our department was the best in performance and output. 2. Expectancy Theory of Motivation This theory states that individuals will decide on certain behavior becau se of the motivation given towards the selection of a certain behavior ‘due to the possible outcome expected. These individuals choose this one behavior out of a number of behaviors. Essentially, this theory encourages organizations to reward performance by ensuring that the team members de3serve and appreciate the rewards. This theory depicts the behavioral process in which individuals decide on one behavioral option over the others. It gives the explanation as to why they make these choices to attain the product. The

Level 5 leadership and Transformational Leadership in the Construction Literature review

Level 5 leadership and Transformational Leadership in the Construction industry of Project Management - Literature review Example Many organisations will root for outsourcing arrangements at first in overseas countries mainly to capitalise on cheap labour, reduced taxes, the possibility of hiring skilled employees in their own country, as well as, a 24 hour readily available workforce. Despite these obvious advantages, the recent trend of reshoring has perhaps stemmed from the corporate concerns on operational mishaps that have obviously precipitated a decline in both productivity and quality. According to a recent research conducted by Warwick Business School and GE Capital UK, a quarter of the mid-market firms are seriously considering re-shoring all or some of their business activities in the next three years. According to the research, the reasons for the trend in reshoring comprise of productivity, rise in the overseas costs, rising control or management issues or access to skilled labour. The research further reveals that, with the reshoring, companies are expected to witness a greater than average rise in revenues to the tune of 14.8 % leading to an overall 12.1 % uplift in the profits. In terms of the activities, which would be reshored, internal business services comprised of 23 percent, procurement and customer-facing services at 21% and 19% respectively. Other activities earmarked are product development, manufacturing and production. According to the study, which was conducted on 100 companies, reshoring will most likely create over 378 500 jobs and add  £27.6 billion to the national mid-market revenues annually. The research also found London to be the favourable re-shore destination. South-East follows closely and is then followed by West Midlands, North West, Yorkshire, and Humber (Green, 2014). Therefore, how does a company draw the conclusion on whether reshoring is right for its business activities? Well, time is an important and a changing factor in business. Consider Toyota as an example.

Pre-fabricated building (classroom structure) Coursework

Pre-fabricated building (classroom structure) - Coursework Example In essence, despite its relative attraction, complete prefabricated construction is short-term and it is vital that multiple risks and health factors are taken into consideration when considering a complete modular approach in construction of classrooms. The health and safety risks related to prefabricated classroom construction are discussed. This is a more likely risk in prefabrication construction over traditional method of classroom construction. Given that most of the large classroom’s components are constructed off-site, a lot of trust is put on the manufacturer to construct precisely what is required. A single error can be costly to the entire structure. A case in example is the collapse of a parking garage in Miami, Florida. The parking garage, like many of its kind, was developed using prefabricated beams. Consequently, there was an increased need to ensure that the heavy beams, columns, as well as floor plans needed were perfectly aligned and constructed. Sadly, a disaster occurred with one section’s floor slabs disconnecting and falling down resulting into a domino effect. If such were to occur in a classroom, the casualty could be high considering its population density. Although the precise cause of the garage’s accident has not been deduced, investigators believe it was due to constructi on errors. Although the precise cause of the incident is still unknown, investigators believe that it was a construction error rather than a design fault. Conventionally, there is a lot of room for errors in prefab process, more particularly on arrival of pieces to the site. Areas likely to incur errors include the attachment process involving bolting together of the different components. Additionally, the tight time limit required to complete the tasks can lead to higher potential of mistakes in comparison to traditional on-site methods which are typically not associated with fast completion

Reading reflection Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading reflection - Article Example Applied statistics is defined as statistics but with more emphasis on practically applying statistics rather than studying its theoretical basis (Business Dictionary, 2013). There are numerous areas where statistics is used by statisticians to make sense of a situation including weather forecasting, stock prediction of market prices and market research to find demand of a product. In Chatfield’s paper, there are two main themes that are discussed. The first theme, understanding strategy is as important as knowing technique, and the second theme, avoiding trouble is complementary to and perquisite for, achieving optimally and therefore deserves at least equal attention (Chatfield, 1991). There are ways in which these two main themes can be implemented when working with clients. A client who owns a health clinic may want to know the relationship between types of patients that come to the clinic and the diseases they have. Before examining the first theme, we should understand wh at understanding strategy is. Understanding strategy is seen as being based on factors including processes, mechanisms and forces. In implementing the first theme, the first step will be to apply understanding strategy to find out the patients diseases and demographics of the patients (age, height, eye color, weight). The second step will be to go through the patients’ diseases data detailing the type of disease, where the disease came from, the circumstance leading to getting the disease among others. The third step will be to know the relationship between disease and the patients’ information or data. Since, the data had been understood while examining the demographics of the patients and the disease the patients are having, it becomes easy to know the relationship between disease and the patients’ data. Moving on to the second theme, avoiding trouble while conducting statistical study is crucial in order to obtain uncompromised results. There can be a scenari o where a client has a running sports shoe as a product and wants to know its demand before launching it in the market. In order to avoid the trouble of introducing this product that is not needed in the market, a proper statistical research has to be conducted. Just as Chatfield (1991) suggests, questions will need to be asked concerning the background of the product and the objectives it wants to accomplish in the market. In this case the objectives may be concerned with selling the shoes to a demographic group that loves running sports shoes. The demographic group will consist of people from ages 18 to 35 years living in the United States living in the rural or urban areas. This will ensure that good data is collected that best describes the demographic group. In case the demographic data collected is not sufficient or is not trusted, questions concerning untrusted information should be asked to clarify any issues. In the end, examinations should be carried out to address whether the objectives have been fulfilled or whether there are some changes that have to be carried out to make the collectable statistical data even better. This will ensure that the client gets the best statistical results concerning the demand of running sports shoes in the market before launching it. Chatfield (1991) approaches statistics in a more elaborate sequential manner. The first step he takes is formulating the problem by asking relevant questions about the background

The Egyptian Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Egyptian Revolution - Research Paper Example The daily existence of living in Egypt has been a bad dream where the only thing that is real is poverty, fear, cruelty, and corruption. There is no real education or work; it is all socially connected and related to corruption. One must follow the regime, never speaking out about what is seen, heard, or experienced. There are no human rights, no sense of right or wrong, no rules, just the consequences of corruption; a sick game of roulette. A person can only rise as far as what is allowed by the regime, for as long as is needed for the purpose to be served. On the surface, all appears to be well under control; the people have what they want, and all is well. On January 25, 2011, a scream erupted from the small country of Egypt that was heard around the world, â€Å"Mubarak must go!† (Tadros, 2011) The people of Egypt watched closely as Tunisia quickly removed their source of misery; it was a spark of hope for all those oppressed by corrupt regimes throughout the Middle East. Egyptians were tired of living under a corrupt government that made survival impossible; tired of police brutality, tired of the intense suffering that made daily living just another day to wait for death to come in sweet relief. The people of Egypt had reached a point where they were basically unable to survive under the current regime, police brutality had killed many innocent civilians; it was the monster lurking in the dark for every Egyptian. It was discovered that the New Year’s Day bombing of a Coptic church in Alexandria, where 21 people were killed was actually masterminded by the Police Minister, Ali Habib. The people were tired of being targets for this sick regime that enjoyed making it appear that it was a religious issue as another clash between Copts and Muslims. The truth was out; it was the regime that continues to cause and feed the problems between the Muslims and the Christians. The current regime had killed so many innocent people that a few more deaths wouldn’t matter; especially if those deaths could somehow make a drastic change to bring an end to the horror within Egypt. The voice of the people said, â€Å"Let freedom ring!† (Awad & Dixon, 2011) It is the right of every human being to be able to live a productive life by providing for themselves and their families; no one should have to live in fear and suffering just to appease a sick regime. Egypt has done the right thing in taking the chance to make a change in order to bring relief and freedom to its people. As a result, many other countries in the Middle East have begun to speak out against their governments for freedom and human rights too. Egypt will possibly lead the way for democracy to finally reach that part of the world. It all began six years earlier when three Egyptian men; a physician, a chemist, and an engineer, had expatriated to London and begun to meet to discuss civil disobedience under the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. They slowly built a network of support on social networking sites that gave them a following in Egypt. A combination of the Tunisian Revolution one month earlier, plus the social media network coverage and discussions, gave the people the courage to do something about their misery. January 25th is celebrated as Police Day in Egypt; a time to show support and appreciation for whatever protection the police have given the people. However, this year, the people

Management - Web Activity Speech or Presentation

Management - Web Activity - Speech or Presentation Example Also anger gets generated when somebody feels that the opposite party has intentionally done something wrong. Anger is always perceived as a negative mannerism in the society. However in some situations anger can be a good thing. It helps an individual to express his/her negative feelings in a stronger way. In order to cite an instance anger assists to motivate individuals in the process of finding possible solutions of the problems. While on the other hand extreme and unnecessary anger can generate various kind of problems. It hugely impacts in the physical and mental health of a person. It leads to increased blood pressure, muscle tension, headaches, increased heart rate, higher sugar levels and also other associated mental and physical issues. Extreme anger also makes it complicated for a person to think simple and straight, thereby harming the mental and physical health (â€Å"Anger†). Recent studies portray that anger hugely increases the chance of heart disease and can e ven be a cause of certain nervous breakdown. A study in this aspect was conducted with a sample of around 12,986 adults for 3 years. The research revealed that persons with high anger trait are hugely prone to coronary diseases. Also another study with 4,083 adults conducted for over a period of 10 years revealed that, those who have the lowest level of anger control, holds the highest risk towards non fatal and fatal cardio vascular diseases. Nonetheless it also revealed that when the level of anger is moderate and also uttered assertively, the intensity of disruptiveness is less as compared to intense and frequent anger. Aggression: A Brief Overview Aggression is a deeper sense is the action or the behavior which is antagonistic, vigorous and energetic in nature. Aggression can generate either out of retribution, retaliation or through provocation. Nonetheless in the narrower definition that are being used in the behavioral science or social science, aggression is a rationale or i ntention in order to cause harm or in simple words is an action that intends to boost the comparative social supremacy. Defensive or predatory behavior among the members of various genuses however is not considered as aggression. Aggression can take various forms that can be either physical or can be conversed non-verbally or verbally. Aggression behavior is however not assertive in nature. It can be described as the way by which an individual portrays what he/she believes and anybody contradicts it is wrong from his/her point of view (â€Å"Aggressive behavior†). For example words such as ‘You're so stupid. Just do as I say and don't ask questions’, clearly justify the meaning of aggression. Aggression can be depicted by shoving, punching, hitting or even defacement another person, and it can occur in child or elder abuse, marital violence, and criminal activities. Anger and Aggression: Differences in Perspectives While studying about the concepts of anger and a ggression, I mainly found the difference between the two actions lies in their occurrences. The causes of anger and aggression depend upon different situations. I believe anger and aggression are the two different dimensions of human psychology. Since anger is usually uttered only through deafening verbalizations, it is the cases of hostility that coil up in the illegal justice system. I found in a recent study conducted by

How online dating affects real life dating experience Research Paper

How online dating affects real life dating experience - Research Paper Example The purpose of this study is to weigh the pros and cons of online dating. While having its benefits, this form of socializing also has some side effects. It is a gift and curse at the same time. Chatting online gives everyone the chance to be social without any of the normal anxiety like possible rejection and thinking up unique ice-breakers. For people who are anti-social or shy, online dating is bliss. On the contrary, Internet allows people to create the most favorable versions of them and they can ‘be’ who they want to be. As such, it can become very easy to fall in love with the online self of a person and ignore the dissenting aspects of his/her personality in real life. In this study therefore, I want to mention the advantages and disadvantages of online dating and assess the favorability of this new chapter in dating. The overview of the study is basically how online dating has affected the real lives of the individuals. Obviously, as it is said, too much of ever ything is fatal – it applies here that the negative aspects of online dating outweigh the positive ones, resulting in heartbreaks, lack of trust, mental illnesses, suicides and time wastage. Literary Review: The famous culture media in modern years has become all the time more spellbound by online relationships, both those that are flourishing and particularly those that conclude in heartbreak. A movie released in 1998 entitled, â€Å"You've Got Mail† (Brown, Durk, & Ephron, 1998) portrays the tale of two people who fell in love while using the Internet. Social scientists have also recognized these modern-day relationships, and at present, a large accessible literature is based on computer mediated e-mail, Internet culture and Internet relationships. Nevertheless, there is in plain sight lack of pragmatic research in particular dealing with romantic Internet relationships. According to Ellison et al (2006), there are infinite people nowadays who will give an undertakin g for the fact that online dating is an enjoyable way of getting to know remarkable people. They think this way you get more choices and you too have the choice of breaking up with someone who you do not like without any worries unlike in a real relationship, which can get a teensy weensy bit knotty when it comes to wrapping up. Kira Leck (2006), in her article on ‘Dynamics of Online Dating’ stated that, love is trouble-free to find and practice on the internet or so it gives the impression. In addition, for individuals who have not been doing well in getting companions or friends in actual life in bona fide social circles, online dating is indeed a blessing for them. If truth be told, many people date several people at the same time not knowing which could be the right one. However, here comes the catch. According to Robert (2010) the more choices available, the more probability is there for lack of commitment. When one is busy trying to decide, first-rate, add up and even uphold the number of online dates, you sure are going to give attention to

Googles Chaos Management Style Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Googles Chaos Management Style - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that chaos management is not a new terminology in the stream of organizational change management. Right from its first reference in Tom Peter's classical piece of chaos management to the literature till date, most of the organizers and managers have conventionally considered chaos management as essential to performance improvement and cost reduction. Detailed literature analysis on chaos and organizational change management has elucidated three major attributes; namely, chaos is a metapraxis, a complex process that is neither a process or a model but inherent in organizational reality; secondly, the theory of self-interest or self-perpetuation is in tandem with the principles of chaos, especially an ethic of connectivity and thirdly, the specific principles of chaos in the form of ‘connectivity, consciousness, and interdeterminacy’provide practical approaches to â€Å"network multilogue†, a socially interactive corporate environment with amenities of personal growth. An interesting observation in most of the literature on organizational management has been that the factor of chaos is unavoidable and always there to stay in business, especially in this racy times of extreme internet invasion affecting our lives. The organizational culture at Google is simplified, yet interesting. With a smart and determined task force, Google Company encompasses people from all walks of life, who speak a dozen of languages and reflect the global audience that they always serve. The idea is to maintain an open culture wherein everyone can feel comfortable sharing ideas and opinions.

Decision-Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Decision-Making - Essay Example The soft information is defined as the information that is unverifiable and private. The private information is the one that is not available to the public and can only be sourced from the primary source of the information. Among the soft information real-time flow, real-time-accounting personal assets and debts, career history or family matters are only verifiable by the third party by quantifiable information or objective or by use of legal documents. Valid information can be accessed by the financial institution in a credible way but the unverifiable information can be transmitted in a credible way, and it requires some effort from the firms and the shareholder. The private information can hardly be transferred even within the firm. In the firm's lending decision to another small firm, the branch officials typically collect the required information for the decision to be made. After the collection of the relevant information, the decision is made by the decision-making authority. In cases like this, the firm's staff are not allowed to collect the information required for the decision-making. Thus, the hierarchical, allocated decision authorities are mandated to make the decision of the firm. The statistical evidence showed that the asset size of a financial institution is positively correlated with the soft information usage. The result is more contradicting as compared to the intuition that financial firms are less likely to apply to soft information and cast doubts on the empirical strategy.

Internet Defamation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet Defamation - Essay Example Another different between internet defamation and print or broadcast media is that of the identity of the publisher. With ease of access to the internet, everyone can use it for personal favors without revealing the identity. For example, a person can post some wrong comment about someone on social networking websites by creating a fake account. In such cases, identification of the sender of the email is very difficult because of fake accounts. Criminal-minded people make use of this internet facility to destroy the repute of other people. On the other hand, in case of print or broadcast media, identifying the source of a publication is not a difficult task because publishing authorities inquire about the source before publishing something. Therefore, it is not easy for a person to spread wrong and insulting news about some other person using print or broadcast media.If we talk about defamation in sense of publication, we can say that comments over the internet that are sent directly to a person do not fall in the category of publication because such comments are not for public. Internet defamation falls in the category of publication if some comment is posted somewhere so that everyone can read it. â€Å"Sending an email containing defamatory statements from person A to person B will in some legal systems not be regarded as "publication" for the purposes of libel law† .As social networking tools are becoming more and more popular with every passing day, the number of cases of internet defamation is also increasing.... On the other hand, in case of print or broadcast media, identifying the source of a publication is not a difficult task because publishing authorities inquire about the source before publishing something. Therefore, it is not easy for a person to spread wrong and insulting news about some other person using print or broadcast media. If we talk about defamation in sense of publication, we can say that comments over the internet that are sent directly to a person do not fall in the category of publication because such comments are not for public. Internet defamation falls in the category of publication if some comment is posted somewhere so that everyone can read it. â€Å"Sending an email containing defamatory statements from person A to person B will in some legal systems not be regarded as "publication" for the purposes of libel law†2. 3. Laws Regarding Defamation As social networking tools are becoming more and more popular with every passing day, the number of cases of inte rnet defamation is also increasing. To handle the increase in internet defamation, many countries have taken considerable steps through implementing libel laws and designing statues of limitations. A plaintiff is required to file the complaint within a specific time, as it is a statue of limitations. â€Å"Regardless of the merit of the defamation claim, a plaintiff must file the lawsuit within a time period specified by law†3. If we search for the implemented law for internet defamation in the United States of America, we come to know that the most relevant law against online defamation is the Defamation Section 230 of The Communications Decency Act Of 1996. Along with governments and judiciary, a number of insurance companies also offer media

Great Patriotic War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Great Patriotic War - Essay Example The Soviet Union (Filtzer, 2002) soldiers in the front lines were caught by surprise. In fact, the German army's blitzkrieg (lightning) attack easily toppled the Soviet Union soldiers in the first few months of the attack because they were surrounded, cut off from supplies, backup troops, and war materials and thereby forced to surrender to the advancing mighty German Army. German forces reached the gates of Leningrad in the North in September 1941. Germany had already overrun Smolensk in the center of Leningrad and took control of Dnepropetrovsk in the South of Leningrad. German Soldiers have reached the vicinity of Moscow, which is the Seat of Government of the Soviet Union in December of 1941. However, after months of fighting inside the big expanse of the Soviet Union territory, the German army realized that they were just humans. They had reached their maximum stamina, finally grew tired, and out of breath because the cold winter months had finally arrived. The German soldiers were not supplied with much needed food and other war supplies to fight in a winter war arena. The German army had been cut off from their supply lines because they had gone too far and deep into Soviet Union territory because Moscow is almost a thousand miles away from Berlin.It was in the autumn of 1941 that the German invading army made attempts to capture Moscow. The battle occurred between October 30, 1941 to April 20, 1942 which is one of the greatest battle wins that the Soviet Union will forever be remembered.During the autumn of 1941, around twenty eight soldiers from the 316th rifle company led by General Panfilov built a foxhole on a hill between the village of Nelidovo and Dubosekovo t o hold the German Advance to Moscow. With the use only of sub machine guns, rifles, incendiary bottles and grenades, they fought an uphill battle against twenty German tanks and infantry. Fourteen German tanks were destroyed which made the Germans retreat. The Germans then made a second attack with thirty tanks but the Moscow defenders destroyed eighteen thanks and killed and maimed many Germans. The Germans retreated for good. The Soviet Union professor Vasily Klochkov-Diev tied a rope of grenades around his waist and jumped while shouting "Russia is large, but there is no place to retreat. Moscow is behind us." under the German tanks destroying them. Other soldiers followed his example and only five Soviet soldiers survived to tell the tale of their Great Patriotic War.From October to December of 1941, thousands of residents of Moscow constructed many leveled fortifications around Moscow and also mined the roads and bridges to

The Use of Image, Allegory, and Voice in Robert Frosts Poetry Essay Example for Free

The Use of Image, Allegory, and Voice in Robert Frosts Poetry Essay The poetry of Robert Frost was written in the early 1900s and have become a standard in American Poetry. Frost was a prolific author and poet who had the unique ability to effortlessly combined the rich and varied American landscape with modernized transcendental thinking. His poems continue to inspire poets, students, and casual readers. Many of his poems center around nature, his love for New England landscape, and the human experience. These poems are usually set in the colorful New England landscape at the onset of fall and memorializes the journey of one man forced to decide, choose, ponder, or reflect. He creates his point of view from his own personal experiences. After a close reading of his poems it is clear that Frost often asserted the same theme throughout his work. This theme was that of human choice and utilization of free will. Frost uses voice, imagery and imagery and allegory which develop a theme that life is about making hard choices and committing to those choices.   The central metaphor in the â€Å"Mending Wall† is the wall itself and Frost utilizes this as an allegoary. As the wall decays, the narrator and his neighbor repair, which maintains their relationship. However, the wall is also used by Frost as an symbol. The wall symbolism the metaphoric wall which human build to keep themselves safe and other out. Frost asserts that â€Å"There were it is we do not need the wall† (23) implying that while emotional wall exists, they are not needed. He believes that â€Å"something there is that doesnt love a wall† (1). Narrator cleverly explores that idea that if people were truthful with themselves they would have to confess they do not like the wall which separates one life from another. Perhaps this is the reason for the falling stones and the constant decay of the wall over time. Frost has the unique ability to bring together metaphysical thought and the beautiful New England landscape in rhyming text. There are several minor images within the poem which add to the mood and tone of the poem. The setting of the poem is springtime and can be seen in â€Å"frozen ground swell† (2), â€Å"spring mending time† (11), â€Å"in the sun† (3), and â€Å"spring is the mischief in me† (28). Spring is the time when life begins anew and there is great hope for the future. What matters is that the poem makes clear the fact that sometimes serious questions arise, questions that neighbors must decide. . The concept of being a good neighbor is American ideal and an universal experience. This poem is really a dialogue between Robert Frost and his uncle. His uncle was his hardest critic and pressured Frost to do succeed at school. When Frost attempted college several times and failed, his uncle talked him into running a farm for several years . Frost, while he respected his uncle, wanted him to mind his own business. He wishes that his uncle would be hopeful of the future and not try to dominate his present. Their relationship is reflected in the poem. Similarly, in Nothing Gold Can Stay, he explores another common experience that nothing good lasts forever with images. This is a reflection of his own experiences with loss and death. Robert Frost was born on March 26, 1874, in San Francisco, where his father, of â€Å"irm New Hampshire stock, edited a newspaper. The paper was Democratic and Roberts full name is Robert Lee Frost, two facts which are usually taken to indicate the elder Frosts attitude to then-Republican New England. When Robert was eleven, his father died, and he and his schoolteacher mother crossed country and settled with relatives in Massachusetts. The poem opens with images offering the freshness of spring; but as in a dream, when one reaches for the object it is gone, Natures first green is gold (ln 1). Frost continues, Her hardest hue to hold (ln 2), this first green is of a delicate and transitory quality that is already disappearing even as it is being born. By line four the pattern is set. These desirable things are given, but not to keep. The process goes on as . . . leaf subsides to leaf (ln 5). Every human goes through the loss of innocence and learns the archetype of golden youthfulness and innocence was soon lost before the onslaught of the properties of the tree of knowledge. Frost also utilizes voice in his poetry to talk about the common human experience. This universal experience is exemplified in Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Frost observes The woods are lovely, dark and deep / But I have promises to keep (ln 13-14). Narrator does not give in, and he makes sure he keeps his promises. The the forest is often a symbol in Frosts poetry. It is symbolic of tempting force which can make an individual off track. This of course is something that everyone in the world has gone through being tempted away from doing what an individual know is right and just . Frost through the utilization of literary devices explores the theme of universal experience. The idea of universal experience is a major reason that Frosts poetry is popular, well loved, and stood the test of time. Frosts personal experience can be traced through all his poetry but most elegantly in The Mending Wall, Nothing Gold Can Stay, and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Works Cited DiYanni, Robert. Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Sixth Edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004.

Impact of jet on vanes Essay Example for Free

Impact of jet on vanes Essay The impact of jet experiment is to demonstrate and verify the integral momentum equation.[1]. In lay man terms, it’s another way to understand fluid pressure by using the pressure to accelerate the fluid to a plate by a high velocity in a jet which in result will generate force due to impulse. The graph will show forces against momentum with different design plates. This experiment helps us to understand about fluid pressure also gives us a better understanding about fluid related machines. These Terms have the same force and effect as an Agreement signed in writing. If you do not agree to these Terms, you may not use the Service. Each time you access, upload, or download any content from the Service, you signify your agreement to the then-current terms. This Agreement is subject to change at any time; therefore, you are responsible to review these Terms regularly to learn about any changes. We will post an updated version of these Terms if we modify them. You understand and agree that your ongoing use of the Service after we post or provide notice of the changes to this Agreement means that you accept and confirm that the updated Terms apply to you. The laws of the State of California govern this Agreement. You agree to resolve any dispute with us as provided in the Dispute Resolution Procedures described in Sections 21 and 22 below, which include arbitration and the options you have with arbitration. We use the term You to mean the person or entity who will access or use the Service as an end user. The term Login means the combination of unique username and password that is used to access our Service. A login is a license to use a site, application or service for a period of time that is specified. Membership or Members means a single registration and/or subscription account per user of a valid username and password (login) for the service during the term of a subscription. We or us in this Agreement shall mean: its brands, affiliates, subsidiaries and operating divisions.

Poverty: A Global Issue

Poverty: A Global Issue 2.1 Introduction Poverty is a global issue. All the countries around the world face the problem of poverty, but there are some countries which are poorer than others like the developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. There is no one size fits all definition of the concept of poverty. The poorest people in an industrialized nation maybe well off than the average citizens in a less-developing country. The definition of poverty alternate from regions across the planet. According to the United Nations Human Development Report 1996, the average per capita income of the poorest one-fifth of Americans was $5,814 in 1993. That figure is ten times Tanzanias average per capita income of $580 per year. By Tanzanian standards, Americans in that bottom 20 percent may seem quite well-off. However, by U.S. standards, they are not. They point out that most poor American families own more luxury items and consumer appliances than average Europeans do (UN 1996). Although there are some regions have made considerable progress in reducing poverty, about two thirds of the worlds poor live in Asia and the Pacific, based on a poverty line of one dollar a day. That regions number of the worlds poor exceeds two thirds if the poverty line becomes two dollars. There are more than one billion people in the region whose income is between one and two dollars a day. There are two types of poverty, extreme poverty or absolute poverty and relative poverty. Extreme poverty is known as destitution or absolute poverty and it could be injurious to peoples health and life. In the United States, absolute poverty is traditionally defined as having an annual income that is less than half of the official poverty line (an income level determined by the Bureau of the Census). Absolute poverty in developing nations, as defined by international organisations, like the World Bank, means having a household income of less than US $ 1.25 a day in 2005. Relative poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than the others within a society or country, or compared to worldwide averages. Relative poverty is socially defined and dependent on context, it is a measure of income inequality. The reasons for poverty are not clears. Some people believe that poverty results from a lack of adequate resources on global level-resources such as land, food, and building materials-that are necessary for the well-being or survival of the worlds peopl e. (Adapted from Wikipedia 2012). Other defines poverty as being an effect of the uneven distribution of resources around the world. According to this second line of reasoning, it helps to understand the inequality between the two worlds, one where some people have more than they need to live and one where the people do not have enough to survive. There has been considerable interest in recent years in the ability of non-governmental organisations to work with the poor in order to improve their quality of life and economic status through the provision of credit, skills training, and other inputs for income-generation programmes. The term non-governmental organisation can be broadly viewed as being composed of a wide variety of organisations variously known as private voluntary organisations, civil society organisations and non-profit organisations (McGann and Johnstone,2006). In the cases in where NGOs are totally or partially funded by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization. Defining the term NGOs is ambiguous as they are confusing, contradicting, and sometimes overlapping in defining the terms. The NGOs sector is extremely divers as these organisation have very different structures, goals and motivations. NGOs are generally compos ed of non-profit, voluntary citizens, groups which are organised on a local, national or international level and they have certain interests, causes, or goals. NGOs work in many different fields, but the term is generally associated with those seeking social transformation and improvements in quality of life. There are many NGOs, who are affiliated with international aid and other donors, but NGOs happens not to funds and they try to generate their own, such as selling handicrafts or charging for services. In the recent decades, NGOs have moved from backstage to centre stage in reshaping the world of politics, and are exerting their power and influence in every aspect of international relations and policymaking. NGOs have a positive impact on local and international issues, such as poverty alleviation, conservation of human rights, preserving the environment, and providing worldwide relief. The growth of NGOs has been too a large extent fuelled by the inability of both domestic and international institutions to respond adequately to major economic, social and political changes which have been taking place at a fast pace (Heap, 2000). The nu mber of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) alone rose from 6,000 in 1990 to reach 26,000 in 1996 (The Economist, 1999), and 37,000 in 2002 (UNDP, 2002). Figures for NGOs operating at national level are much higher: Russia, for instance is estimated to have some 277,000 NGOs and India between 1 million and 2 million NGOs (Chicago Tribune, 2007). In 2006, it was estimated that there were some 1.5 million NGOs in the USA alone (McGann and Johnstone, 2006). 2.2 Evolution and Growth of NGOs International non-governmental organizations have been dating back to at least 1839. In 1914 there were 1083 NGOs (UN 2007). International NGOs played a big part in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for womens suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference. However, the term non-governmental organization only came into popular use with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor member states (UN 2007). Globalization occurring during the 20th century gave importance to the rise of NGOs globally and most importantly in developing countries. International treaties and international organizations such as the World Trade Organization centred their interests mostly on capitalist enterprises. In an attempt to counterbalance the interests of these international organizations and internati onal treaties, NGOs were developed to emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable development. Though the term NGO became known to the world in the year 1839 the voluntary sector around the world is much older than this. In England voluntary work made its way back in the medieval time where the poor were being looked after by the monastery. The poor people and the beggars were taken care by the monasteries and churches. It was like this that in England there was the introduction of the Poor Law and later it became the Welfare States. But in the beginning it all started as voluntary work as the clergy men were not paid to help the poor. Voluntary work has always been present, especially among the religious organisations, giving food or money was common. NGOs in its traditional form have been working in different religious trust-based schools, hospitals and orphanages. In India NGOs became known in 1980s but voluntary work started after the independent from the British in 1946. In independent India, voluntary organizations started by Gandhi and his disciples were to fill in the gaps left by the government in the development process. In the 1980s, however, the groups who were now known as NGOs became more specialized, and the voluntary movement was fragmented into different groups. 2.3 Evolution of NGOs in Mauritius NGOs in Mauritius started with voluntary works for the welfare of society. In the past, such type of social works started with the bourgeoisie class, the young girls from the upper class where were doing charity work to help the poor like giving them food and sometimes educating them. Later on this voluntary work was untaken by other agencies like the church or other religious bodies, like for example Arya Samaj who helps poor people by giving free education to their children and till now it is still done. Much of the charity work and voluntary work which are done now were performed in the past by religious organisations. They worked dependently from the government even if the government were allocating them money. NGOs are present where the government or other organisations have failed to cater for those in need. There are a large number of religious organisations that are considered to form part of NGOs according to Macoss. Some examples of these organisations are: Al Marjaan Islam ic Secular Institute, Hindu Maha Sabha, Jummah Mosque Port Louis, Arya Sabha, and Adventist Development Relief Agency. NGOs became known quiet recently thought Macoss (Mauritius Council of Social Service) in Mauritius. The Mauritius Council of Social Service was founded in November 1965 and it was incorporated, under Act 55 of 1970, voted in Parliament, providing the legal framework of the Council. As an Umbrella organisation for NGOS, Macoss seeks to promote Social and Community Development and Voluntary Actions through Non-Governmental Organisations. It helps its members by initiating communication, collaboration and networking among NGOs and between NGOs, Government and private sector, primarily through meetings, workshops, consultation and institutional development activities. Macoss also facilitates its members organisations and strengthens their organisation capacity. Macoss plays a leadership role in good governance, policy, advocacy, capacity building and innovation for a vibrant, efficient and effective Non Government Organisation sector and Civil Society Organisation. 2.4 Causes of Poverty Poverty is like a vicious circle. Poverty causes poverty. Just as the rich people get richer as they are already rich and the poor get poorer because they live in poverty. Poverty has many causes and some of them are very basic. Some experts suggest that poverty is caused due few employment or lack of food. The basic factors that may lead to poverty are: inadequate education and employment opportunities overpopulation, inability to meet standard of living and cost of living, certain economic and demographic trends, the unequal distribution of resources in the global economy, welfare incentives and environmental degradation. 2.4.1 Overpopulation Overpopulation is the situation where large numbers of people have too few resources and too little space, and this is closely associated with poor people. This overpopulation can result from high population density, which is the number of people to land suface, usually showed as numbers of people per square kilometre or square mile, or there are low amounts of resources, or from both. Very high population densities put stress on resources that are available. Only a certain amount of people can be supported on a given surface of land, and that number depends on how much food and other resources the area can provide. In countries where people live by primary means of basic farming, gardening, herding, hunting, and gathering, even where there are larger land surfaces the production of food is still low given the number of people are small is due to the production means. The production means is not intense enough to produce large amount of food to feed large amount of people. 2.4.2 High Standards of Living and Costs of Living People in developed countries generally enjoy a higher standard of living because these nations may have more in terms of resource and wealth than those in developing countries. People who may have adequate resources and wealth in a developing country maybe be considered as poor in a developed country. For example people in America, on average, tend to expect to make, about $30,000 per year. They may also expect to rent a house or an apartment with electricity facilities and water supply, to able to buy food to eat and clothes, and get health care provision. In addition, many of these people hope to afford other expenses, such as, the purchases material not need for survival, such as cars, entertainment and high priced food. In comparison, people in most developing countries usually may consider themselves to be well off if they have productive agriculture, some cattle, and a house made out of mud-bricks. In the rural areas, people can be used to not having water facilities, electric ity, or adequate health facilities. Developed countries tend to have a high cost of living, even the most basic lifestyle with few or no luxuries; can be relatively expensive as compared to developing countries. Most people in the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, western European nations, and other developed countries cannot obtain adequate food, clothing, and shelter without ample amounts of money. In some areas, even people with jobs that pay the legal minimum wage may not be able to cover their basic expenses. People who cannot find well-paying jobs often have no spare income for emergency expenses, and many rely on state welfare to survive. In Mauritius about 106,000 citizens or 8.5% of the population live in absolute poverty; this is according to figures released by the Ministry of Finance. These figures reveal that the number of Mauritians living under the poverty line is increasing. From 8.2% in 1996/97, it fell to 7.8% in 2001/2002 to reach 8.5% in 2006/2007. The minimum wage for an adult living in a poor family is estimated at Rs 3,821 monthly. In Rodrigues, the rate of poverty is higher. It is estimated at 32.4% in 2006/2007 against28.7% in 2001/02. 2.4.3 Inadequate Education and Employment Illiteracy and lack of education are very frequent in developing countries. Very often the state of developing countries cannot afford to cater for good educational facilities to the people, especially those living in rural areas. Whereas in industrialized countries nearly all children have access to at least the basic education, in sub-Saharan Africa only about 60 per cent children go to elementary school. Without education, most people in the developing countries are unable to find income-generating work. Poor people are also often propelled schooling so as to concentrate on earning a minimal living. In addition, developing countries tend to have fewer employment opportunities as compared to developed countries, especially for women. Resulting in the fact that, schooling is perceived as being crucial to people. Even in developed nations, unemployment rates may be high. When people do not work, they cannot earn a living; thus, high rate of poverty is a result of high unemployment. The amount of employment that is available also tends to fluctuate; creating high unemployment periods. If the unemployment level in countries with high population increases with only a few points, this leads to millions of people who are able to work and earn a living. Because unemployment figures indicate only the number of people eligible to work who have no job but are seeking employment, such figures are not necessarily an accurate indicator of the number of people living in poverty. 2.4.4 Economic and Demographic Trends Economic trends can sometimes be linked with poverty in many developed countries. In the year 1950s and 1960s, for example, in the United States most people experienced a growth in their income due to economic boom and in Mauritius it was in mid 1970s. The average income of a family was doubled in that period even with inflation. However, there was a rise in the standard of living taking into consideration inflation, between the years 1970s and the years 1990s. Young people and less-educated ones are more affected when there are periods of economic recession as they find it difficult to get a job and support them. Poverty levels have also been increased with changes in labor markets in developed countries. In many developed countries the amount of poor has increased resulting from the inequalities in the distribution of resources. For example, since the 1970s, the 20 percent poorest of all U.S. households have earned an increasingly smaller percentage of the total national income while the wealthiest 5 percent of households have earned an increasingly greater percentage. During mostly of this period, due to an increase in the cost of living the middle and those at the bottom in the distribution line have worsened. 2.4.5 Individual Responsibility and Welfare Dependency There are different schools of thought about individual responsibility for poverty. Some believe that there is a proportion of the society who would stay in poverty no matter what due to the structure of society. While some other thinks that due to some dysfunctions of some social institutions such as the labour force, poverty would be pertaining. According to this school of thought poverty id beyond the control of the people who are in it, but this problem can be remedied if proper policies are implemented. There are other people who think that the poor people tend to stay in poverty intentionally. For example, there are people who choose to take drugs voluntarily leading them to stay in poverty these people can be blame for their situation. Adding to that there are those who think that many people in developed countries tend to throw the blame on cycles of poverty, people who have the tendency to remain poor, or they depend on the generosity of the welfare institutions. Those who support this view includes some politicians, criticize the government to spend too much on the poverty though welfare programs. They argue that such welfare programs encourage people to stay in poverty in so as to benefit from payments continuously. They also argue that these welfare programs discourage marriage and work. In the American society and several other developed countries, being employed reduces their welfare supports and it is the same if a single parent gets married. 2.5 NGOs Performance in Poverty Alleviation in Other Countries According A.K.M. Ahsan Ullah, Jayant K. Routray, (2007), a very important aspect of poverty in Bangladesh is unemployment or being under-employment. These people are dependent mostly on agriculture to survive in the rural areas and most of the time they are not owners of the land or own too little land to be able support their family. There are more than 20,000 NGOs have been performing in Bangladesh with two major aims of alleviating rural poverty and empowerment of the women. However, the phenomena of poverty in Bangladesh are much higher as compared to the East Asian countries and the South Asian neighbours. Since, poverty is persistent in Bangladesh, the great majority of the poor do not own their land, and there is relatively few number of formal sector employment opportunities in rural areas, poverty alleviation strategies of NGOs have focused particularly on the possibilities for generating income as a solution. One of the major reasons for the increasing use of NGOs in countr ies like Bangladesh in the developmental activities is to find an alternative and better channel for development aid in the third world countries. All the NGOs work with two basic missions, to alleviate poverty and empowering the poor, especially women (Lovell, 1996; BRAC, 2000) by organizing them into small groups at the village level, arranging adult literacy programmes, providing necessary training and regular discussions on particular issues. Nearly, 60 million people of the population of Bangladesh have been brought under different health programmes by NGOs. These programmes aimed at reducing childhood and maternal morbidity and mortality; and increasing awareness about sexual health. NGOs non-formal primary education programme has covered about three million children from poor families. Among which the majority of the children are girls. Non-formal primary education programme of the BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee) is regarded as the worlds biggest private sector educational system and is being replicated in other countries of the world as well (BRAC, 2000; Proshika, 2001). According to Keith M. Henderson author of Alternatives to imposed administrative reform: the NGOs: In the Caribbean, NGOs serve as intermediate between the micro-level of the poorest household and the formal institution of the state (a role which might otherwise be served by political parties or trade unions). NGOs and local development organizations (LDOs) are widely seen as agents for alternative development, particularly because, as a sector, they have begun to formulate development policy in order to improve considerably the life of the citizens and often with a direct impact on official aid policies. Along with the larger efforts, such as the Village Awakening Movement in India which operates in thousands of villages, and the related Sarvodaya Shramadana movement in Sri Lanka which focused on small scale village improvement projects in more than 8,000 villages, are the Christian Base Communities found in Brazilian rural areas. The State very often is unable to cater for these poor villages in India and rural areas in Brazil. These movements perform important service-delivery functions. In Latin America, pervasive distrust of the US has resulted in a variety of indigenous organizational forms often unsustainable and a fertile ground for grass-roots movements. Considerable attention has been given to the political role of such activities; much of the literature is in Spanish. In Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics, the term foundation covers a multitude of private groups organized for collective action. In Africa, numerous small-scale self-help projects, such as banking schemes, food storage arrangements, barter exchanges, family planning, and traditional medicine centres, have been initiated by peasant farmers with the help of NGOs. According to Mritiunjoy Mohanty (2006) NGOs in Bangladesh have been using the microcredit as a means to alleviate poverty there. Microcredit is the extension of very small loans to impoverished borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment and a verifiable credit history. It is designed not only to support entrepreneurship and alleviate poverty, but also in many cases to empower women and uplift entire communities by extension. In many communities worldwide, in developed and developing nations alike, women lack the highly stable employment histories that traditional lenders tend to require (2012). Noting the pioneering work done by Mr. Yunus and the Grameen Bank, it is worth recording that it has been providing the poor in Bangladesh as a medium of access to financial resources. There are other NGOs that have walked, struggled and prospered down the same path, as the Grameen bank has since the 1970s and the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee or BRAC. To draw attentio n to the role of other NGOs involved in microcredit is not to take away from the catalytic role Mr. Yunus and the Grameen Bank played both at home and abroad in furthering the microcredit movement but it is to show the work they have accomplished together in poverty alleviating in Bangladesh. 2.6 NGOs Performance in Poverty Alleviation in Mauritius There is a number of NGOs working in order to alleviate poverty in Mauritius such as SOS Poverty, Caritas Mauritius and Currimjee Foundation, Le Centre Des Pauvres, Maison Familiale Rurale Du Nord, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ These NGOs help people in different ways like for example in Maison Familiale Rurale Du Nord they try to eradicate poverty by sensitizing youngsters from poor families. The young people are given training in hotel mechanics, agriculture and hospital services. They promote a sense of entrepreneurship among these young people and encourage a sense of social inclusion to help them come out of their poverty. SOS Poverty is a non-governmental and charitable organization set up to fight poverty and social injustices in the country. So far they have implemented a global plan of actions, comprising of several micro projects implemented, laying emphasis on two major factors: Education and Economic. Their field of action consist of pre-primary education, women empowerment like org anising a corporate organisation in order to help women wanting to work and earn a living to come out of poverty. They endeavour to combat poverty through inclusive education/ training programmes and self-help socio-economic programmes. The Currimjee Foundation in association with several other NGOS and NEF (National Empowerment Foundation) has planned out a project on poverty alleviation in Mauritius. The project is about helping people in absolute poverty who cannot afford to build a house. They would be constructing 50 houses in concrete with aluminium ceiling with square metres of 21to 25 and costing around Rs 165,000 each. The Currimjee Foundation also sponsors scholarships of Rs 20,000 to needy students attending University of Mauritius and University of Technology of Mauritius. Le Centre Des Pauvres which is found at Grand Riviere Nord Ouest Port Louis provide poor people with clothes and organise food donation. Children are give education materials such as books, copybooks pencils etc and to smaller children toys are given to them. NGOs have been performing well in different countries around the world. They have been able to help people especially where the government have somehow failed to provide for their citizens. They have brought some light to the peoples life. There are countless things that the NGOs have done the state would not have been able to do as the NGOs works at a micro level. It is easy for them to target the needy people. They have more personal contact with the individual and they are very often on field. And the people also know where to turn to seek help. Poverty alleviation is a tremendous task for every country in the world is it developed countries or developing countries, without the efforts showed by NGOs one third of the work accomplished now would not have been done left alone on the state and other institutions.